Family Definition with Classification Essay - 1322 Words

My Definition of Family with Classification The definition of â€Å"family† may differ from one person to the next. Even the various dictionaries have multiple definitions for the simple yet ever so complex word. The Oxford English Dictionary’s etymology of the word family comes from the Middle French famile, beginning in 1337 with family being defined as a group of people living under the same roof, household, in 1442-44 included a group of people related by blood, 1580 a group of people related by blood or marriage and living under the same roof, 1658 a group of people who share a common philosophy and in 1676, a group of genera of plants or animals which share certain general traits (Simpson and Weiner). In this paper I will endeavor†¦show more content†¦Being bounced back and forth between foster homes and state run facilities, many of these children would and do consider the kids in the â€Å"system† their family. While writing and researching this paper I have had the opportunity to spe ak with my own family members and friends about what they believe family means. A close friend of mine told me that she believes the word family describes those who you feel connected to emotionally, who do not necessarily need to be related, but someone you trust and love. A co-worker described her idea of family to be those who are there for her through thick and thin that support her decisions and love her for herself, she feels many of her closest friends to be part of her â€Å"family†. Many of my friends are ex-military and they feel the people they served with to be an extended family that will be in their lives forever, the bonds and relationships formed during their years of service together created another definition of family for them. My mother and father although divorced many years ago, tend to define family as â€Å"blood relation†, which I feel is not uncommon for their generation and they continue to try and keep track of all their living relatives. Whereas my definition of family has moved more to my immediate family, which includes grandparents, parents, my wife and her nuclear family. I feel attitudes towards what family means over the centuries is directly related to theShow MoreRelatedDirectives And Regulations Are Forms Of Secondary Eu Legislation1262 Words   |  6 Pagespursue a legitimate aim. Some human rights must be qualified to provide flexibility in the law to deal with unique situations. (OU, 2017b, 2.1). 2a) †¢ Introduction - Importance of the court system and the different classifications. †¢ Paragraph 1 – U6 – 7.1/U10 – 3.2 - Definition of courts of first instance and examples. - Magistrates Courts/Judges †¢ Paragraph 2 – U10 – 2.3 - County Courts †¢ Paragraph 3 – U6 – 7.1 - Appellate Courts - Supreme Court †¢ Paragraph 4 –U10 – 3.3 - Crown Courts - AppealsRead MoreLogical Fallacies. Logical Fallacies Can Be Found In Many1288 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognize them. To fully understand Logical Fallacies, we will look at the definition of Logical Fallacies, some examples of Logical Fallacies, classifications of Logical Fallacies, and finally why we should, and how we can, avoid them. In simplest form, Logical Fallacies are fallacious arguments, fallacious meaning logically unsound or misleading. However a more in depth understanding can be constructed from three definitions for Logical Fallacies. The first is found in the article As Seen on TV:Read MoreThe Joy Of Reading And Writing : Superman And Me933 Words   |  4 PagesIn the essay â€Å"The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me† Sherman Alexie writes about himself as a young boy trying to be more than just an â€Å"Indian boy who lives on a reservation,† or an â€Å"oddity.† His implied thesis reveals that he used reading to try and save his life and wants to help others to do the same. Alexie presents this thesis through an expressive and literary purpose, and continues to employ patterns of description and classification. Alexie’s primary purpose is expressive.Read MoreEssay on Check It985 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 28, 2012 English 0310 â€Å"What is Poverty?† Content a. How would you define the author’s purpose? Besides paragraph 15, in what parts of the essay is that purpose most apparent? I would define the author’s purpose is to express the life of a poor person and the views of others towards a poor individual. Besides paragraph 15, Parker’s purpose is most apparent in paragraph two and paragraph six. b. Why does the speaker address her audience directly, especially in paragraphs 4 and 10Read MoreDemotion of Pluto: Dwarf Planet Essays1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthe vicinity of Pluto’s orbit have challenged its planetary status. The debate over Pluto’s classification was discussed throughout several media and news articles, leading to serious controversy amongst astronomers and the decision as to whether or not Pluto should be categorized as one of the planets in our solar system. The articles used in this essay that will cover the debate over the classification of Pluto’s planetary status were retrieved from The Globe and Mail, New York Times, CBS NewsRead MoreThe Problems Of Intercultural Communication1133 Words   |  5 Pagespartners, etc. The main objective of this essay is contextualizing and allocation of the factors determining the affiliation to one of the crop to improve cooperation in the cross-cultural environment. To achieve the goal of the essay it to solve the following specific objectives: first, definition of the differing cultural patterns and, second, classification of Russian culture, taking into account the context and characterization used for classification different cultures and identifying the mainRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Inequality Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesher article titled â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory† which expresses the term â€Å" gender acts† and helps decipher a probable cause of the many discriminations faced in contemporary society. Since both gender inequality and racial inequality share a common thread, I believe that what intersectionality represents will help understand Judith Butler’s view on gender classification and the dynamic it’s caused on our social and political formation.Read MorePros and Cons of Not Having a Legal Definition for the Term Family in US1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The law is contained within the definitions of words. This, at times works in the favor of some while not in favor of others. The word family presents many new challenges within the legal frameworks of todays society because the word itself is hard to define. The purpose of this essays is to examine both the advantages and disadvantages of not having a universal legal definition for the term family in the United States. These perspectives are based in part due to the difficultyRead MorePost-Modernism Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesbe trying to learn more about the ingredients of her melting pot. These efforts can be best understood by examining post-modernism. Post-modernism is especially important to breaking down stereotypes such as those that exist surrounding the black family. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To understand post-modernism we must first understand modernism. Modernism is the philosophy that began with the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was an era when science and art flourished. European society used theRead MoreThe Five Types Of Crime1398 Words   |  6 Pages Crime Classification Iliana Clark American InterContinental University Abstract This essay will explain the five different types of crime. These include: Crimes against persons, Crimes against property, and Crimes of public morality, White-collar crimes and Cyber crimes. Statistics show that we are likely to be a victim of one of these crimes. This essay will explain each crime and their differences, providing a definition by category of crime. They are many types of crimes

Prescription Drug Abuse And Its Effects On The Society

In the past year studies by the Centers for Disease Control have shown that one in twenty people in the United States alone us painkillers just for pleasure. Abuse of prescription drugs is a huge issue in our country, although many people use them solely for medical reasons, most people do not. According to Nora D. Wolkow, M.D., â€Å"An estimated 52 million people (20 percent) of those aged 12 and older) have used prescription drugs for non-medical reasons at least once in their lifetime.† (National Institute on Drug Abuse). This is now extremely common and is only becoming a bigger problem by the day. Prescription drug abuse causes a crippling affect on the abusers body by creating serious brain damage, increasing the rate of crime, endangering the lives of the abusers and the people around them, as well as ruining families completely, and taking a huge toll on the lives of teenagers and the elderly. â€Å"Prescription drug abuse is defined as the taking of medication in a manner other than that prescribed or for a different condition than that which the medication is described.† (Rice 342-343). A huge body of our society is affected by becoming addicted to prescription drugs. This often happens when one is in pain over his/her bodily conditions, and is prescribed either an opioid, depressants, or stimulants. A simple problem such as that turns into an even bigger one when the abuser becomes addicted. Addiction occurs when dopamine, a neurotransmitter, links on to receptors andShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse990 Words   |  4 PagesPrescription drug abuse is not a new problem within our society. Prescription drug abuse has in fact been an ongoing problem that is currently spinning out of control. There are many people within our society that are currently dealing with prescription drug addiction. Prescription drug abuse is the intentional use of a medication without a prescription; in a way other than as prescribed; or for the exper ience or feeling it causes (The Science of Drug Abuse Addiction, 2014). Prescription drugsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Opioid Epidemic Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been several news coverages on TV and social network about drug overdose of different cases recently and they have risen people’s concern about the problems of drug abuse national-wide. The drug abuse and opioid epidemic is not a new problem to the American society, actually it has been a serious problem for many years. So what is the situation of drug epidemic now, and how can we find effective ways to deal with this problem? A few writers who ponder this question are Nora D. Volkow,Read MorePrescription Drugs And The United States1749 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to IMS Health (2015) over 4.3 billion prescription drugs were dispensed in the United States and Narconon (2015) reports that the decade ending in 2008 saw a four hundred percent increase in people seeking treatment for opioid addiction. Pr escription drug abuse is an epidemic that transcends all socioeconomic boundaries in our society and is destroying lives, families, and whole communities, especially those most vulnerable; the physically and mentally ill. For one to better understandRead MoreTitle Of The Lesson: Dangers Of Prescription Drugs Grade1271 Words   |  6 PagesDangers of Prescription Drugs Grade Level: 6th Grade # Of students: 20 Students Teacher Focus: I will be working on using proximity in my lesson by paying attention to when students are off task and need to be redirected by walking around them to redirect their attention to the lesson. Purpose/Curriculum Focus: †¢ The class has been working on a substance abuse unit. Today we are focusing on the dangers of prescription drug abuse while incorporating it into our language unit of cause and effect. IowaRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Addiction to Prescription Drugs799 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction to prescription drugs Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the growing problem of prescription drug abuse, some common drugs that cause abuse, and their effects and some common treatments. Pattern: People living in today’s society must be aware about the dangers that prescription Drugs can cause them, as well as the people around them. Introduction: * Attention : Is it possible that you or someone you love is addicted to prescription drugs? Read MoreDrug Addiction1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Addiction Drug abuse is an increasing epidemic in today’s society. There are so many types of drugs being abused today, both legal and illegal. These drugs affect the human body in many different ways. Drug abuse can lead to addiction. â€Å"Drug addiction involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to produce pleasure or escape reality despite its destructive effects† (â€Å"Environmental Health Perspectives,† 2005). Drug addicts believe that drugs are necessary for them to have a feelingRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Prescription Drugs Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesMost people are familiar with prescription medications; almost everyone has taken them at one point or another during their lifetime. Not all prescription drugs are addicting, but a large number of them are. Prescription drug abuse is a disease that has become a major problem in the United States, which affects over six-million Americans. Prescription drug abuse not only affects the indi vidual, but can additionally have far-reaching consequences that affect family, personal health, employmentRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 PagesAs the use of illegal drugs and alcohol continues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious why many are acquiring addictive patterns to these accessible substancesRead MoreTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Years ago, the common image of an adolescent drug abuser was a teen trying to escape from reality on illegal substances like cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Today, there is a great discrepancy between that perception and the reality of who is likely to abuse drugs. A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parent’s medicine chest to ‘score.’ Prescription drug abuse by teens is on the rise. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugsRead MoreEffects Of Drug Use On Society And Individuals932 Words   |  4 Pages Beard 1 Skyler Beard Mrs. Aten English 9 Honors 19 February, 2015 Effects of Drug Use on Society and Individuals â€Å"The human brain is structured to ensure that individuals will repeat behaviors necessary to survival and well-being. To do this, the brain associates such behaviors with a â€Å"reward,† or feeling of pleasure†(Addiction). This natural occurrence in the body, this â€Å"pleasurable feeling†, has led to a plethora of harmful and dangerous substances being

Prescription Drug Abuse And Its Effects On The Society

In the past year studies by the Centers for Disease Control have shown that one in twenty people in the United States alone us painkillers just for pleasure. Abuse of prescription drugs is a huge issue in our country, although many people use them solely for medical reasons, most people do not. According to Nora D. Wolkow, M.D., â€Å"An estimated 52 million people (20 percent) of those aged 12 and older) have used prescription drugs for non-medical reasons at least once in their lifetime.† (National Institute on Drug Abuse). This is now extremely common and is only becoming a bigger problem by the day. Prescription drug abuse causes a crippling affect on the abusers body by creating serious brain damage, increasing the rate of crime, endangering the lives of the abusers and the people around them, as well as ruining families completely, and taking a huge toll on the lives of teenagers and the elderly. â€Å"Prescription drug abuse is defined as the taking of medication in a manner other than that prescribed or for a different condition than that which the medication is described.† (Rice 342-343). A huge body of our society is affected by becoming addicted to prescription drugs. This often happens when one is in pain over his/her bodily conditions, and is prescribed either an opioid, depressants, or stimulants. A simple problem such as that turns into an even bigger one when the abuser becomes addicted. Addiction occurs when dopamine, a neurotransmitter, links on to receptors andShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse990 Words   |  4 PagesPrescription drug abuse is not a new problem within our society. Prescription drug abuse has in fact been an ongoing problem that is currently spinning out of control. There are many people within our society that are currently dealing with prescription drug addiction. Prescription drug abuse is the intentional use of a medication without a prescription; in a way other than as prescribed; or for the exper ience or feeling it causes (The Science of Drug Abuse Addiction, 2014). Prescription drugsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Opioid Epidemic Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been several news coverages on TV and social network about drug overdose of different cases recently and they have risen people’s concern about the problems of drug abuse national-wide. The drug abuse and opioid epidemic is not a new problem to the American society, actually it has been a serious problem for many years. So what is the situation of drug epidemic now, and how can we find effective ways to deal with this problem? A few writers who ponder this question are Nora D. Volkow,Read MorePrescription Drugs And The United States1749 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to IMS Health (2015) over 4.3 billion prescription drugs were dispensed in the United States and Narconon (2015) reports that the decade ending in 2008 saw a four hundred percent increase in people seeking treatment for opioid addiction. Pr escription drug abuse is an epidemic that transcends all socioeconomic boundaries in our society and is destroying lives, families, and whole communities, especially those most vulnerable; the physically and mentally ill. For one to better understandRead MoreTitle Of The Lesson: Dangers Of Prescription Drugs Grade1271 Words   |  6 PagesDangers of Prescription Drugs Grade Level: 6th Grade # Of students: 20 Students Teacher Focus: I will be working on using proximity in my lesson by paying attention to when students are off task and need to be redirected by walking around them to redirect their attention to the lesson. Purpose/Curriculum Focus: †¢ The class has been working on a substance abuse unit. Today we are focusing on the dangers of prescription drug abuse while incorporating it into our language unit of cause and effect. IowaRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Addiction to Prescription Drugs799 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction to prescription drugs Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the growing problem of prescription drug abuse, some common drugs that cause abuse, and their effects and some common treatments. Pattern: People living in today’s society must be aware about the dangers that prescription Drugs can cause them, as well as the people around them. Introduction: * Attention : Is it possible that you or someone you love is addicted to prescription drugs? Read MoreDrug Addiction1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Addiction Drug abuse is an increasing epidemic in today’s society. There are so many types of drugs being abused today, both legal and illegal. These drugs affect the human body in many different ways. Drug abuse can lead to addiction. â€Å"Drug addiction involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to produce pleasure or escape reality despite its destructive effects† (â€Å"Environmental Health Perspectives,† 2005). Drug addicts believe that drugs are necessary for them to have a feelingRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Prescription Drugs Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesMost people are familiar with prescription medications; almost everyone has taken them at one point or another during their lifetime. Not all prescription drugs are addicting, but a large number of them are. Prescription drug abuse is a disease that has become a major problem in the United States, which affects over six-million Americans. Prescription drug abuse not only affects the indi vidual, but can additionally have far-reaching consequences that affect family, personal health, employmentRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 PagesAs the use of illegal drugs and alcohol continues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious why many are acquiring addictive patterns to these accessible substancesRead MoreTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Years ago, the common image of an adolescent drug abuser was a teen trying to escape from reality on illegal substances like cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Today, there is a great discrepancy between that perception and the reality of who is likely to abuse drugs. A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parent’s medicine chest to ‘score.’ Prescription drug abuse by teens is on the rise. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugsRead MoreEffects Of Drug Use On Society And Individuals932 Words   |  4 Pages Beard 1 Skyler Beard Mrs. Aten English 9 Honors 19 February, 2015 Effects of Drug Use on Society and Individuals â€Å"The human brain is structured to ensure that individuals will repeat behaviors necessary to survival and well-being. To do this, the brain associates such behaviors with a â€Å"reward,† or feeling of pleasure†(Addiction). This natural occurrence in the body, this â€Å"pleasurable feeling†, has led to a plethora of harmful and dangerous substances being

Prescription Drug Abuse And Its Effects On The Society

In the past year studies by the Centers for Disease Control have shown that one in twenty people in the United States alone us painkillers just for pleasure. Abuse of prescription drugs is a huge issue in our country, although many people use them solely for medical reasons, most people do not. According to Nora D. Wolkow, M.D., â€Å"An estimated 52 million people (20 percent) of those aged 12 and older) have used prescription drugs for non-medical reasons at least once in their lifetime.† (National Institute on Drug Abuse). This is now extremely common and is only becoming a bigger problem by the day. Prescription drug abuse causes a crippling affect on the abusers body by creating serious brain damage, increasing the rate of crime, endangering the lives of the abusers and the people around them, as well as ruining families completely, and taking a huge toll on the lives of teenagers and the elderly. â€Å"Prescription drug abuse is defined as the taking of medication in a manner other than that prescribed or for a different condition than that which the medication is described.† (Rice 342-343). A huge body of our society is affected by becoming addicted to prescription drugs. This often happens when one is in pain over his/her bodily conditions, and is prescribed either an opioid, depressants, or stimulants. A simple problem such as that turns into an even bigger one when the abuser becomes addicted. Addiction occurs when dopamine, a neurotransmitter, links on to receptors andShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse990 Words   |  4 PagesPrescription drug abuse is not a new problem within our society. Prescription drug abuse has in fact been an ongoing problem that is currently spinning out of control. There are many people within our society that are currently dealing with prescription drug addiction. Prescription drug abuse is the intentional use of a medication without a prescription; in a way other than as prescribed; or for the exper ience or feeling it causes (The Science of Drug Abuse Addiction, 2014). Prescription drugsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Opioid Epidemic Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been several news coverages on TV and social network about drug overdose of different cases recently and they have risen people’s concern about the problems of drug abuse national-wide. The drug abuse and opioid epidemic is not a new problem to the American society, actually it has been a serious problem for many years. So what is the situation of drug epidemic now, and how can we find effective ways to deal with this problem? A few writers who ponder this question are Nora D. Volkow,Read MorePrescription Drugs And The United States1749 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to IMS Health (2015) over 4.3 billion prescription drugs were dispensed in the United States and Narconon (2015) reports that the decade ending in 2008 saw a four hundred percent increase in people seeking treatment for opioid addiction. Pr escription drug abuse is an epidemic that transcends all socioeconomic boundaries in our society and is destroying lives, families, and whole communities, especially those most vulnerable; the physically and mentally ill. For one to better understandRead MoreTitle Of The Lesson: Dangers Of Prescription Drugs Grade1271 Words   |  6 PagesDangers of Prescription Drugs Grade Level: 6th Grade # Of students: 20 Students Teacher Focus: I will be working on using proximity in my lesson by paying attention to when students are off task and need to be redirected by walking around them to redirect their attention to the lesson. Purpose/Curriculum Focus: †¢ The class has been working on a substance abuse unit. Today we are focusing on the dangers of prescription drug abuse while incorporating it into our language unit of cause and effect. IowaRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Addiction to Prescription Drugs799 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction to prescription drugs Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the growing problem of prescription drug abuse, some common drugs that cause abuse, and their effects and some common treatments. Pattern: People living in today’s society must be aware about the dangers that prescription Drugs can cause them, as well as the people around them. Introduction: * Attention : Is it possible that you or someone you love is addicted to prescription drugs? Read MoreDrug Addiction1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Addiction Drug abuse is an increasing epidemic in today’s society. There are so many types of drugs being abused today, both legal and illegal. These drugs affect the human body in many different ways. Drug abuse can lead to addiction. â€Å"Drug addiction involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to produce pleasure or escape reality despite its destructive effects† (â€Å"Environmental Health Perspectives,† 2005). Drug addicts believe that drugs are necessary for them to have a feelingRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Prescription Drugs Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesMost people are familiar with prescription medications; almost everyone has taken them at one point or another during their lifetime. Not all prescription drugs are addicting, but a large number of them are. Prescription drug abuse is a disease that has become a major problem in the United States, which affects over six-million Americans. Prescription drug abuse not only affects the indi vidual, but can additionally have far-reaching consequences that affect family, personal health, employmentRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 PagesAs the use of illegal drugs and alcohol continues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious why many are acquiring addictive patterns to these accessible substancesRead MoreTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Years ago, the common image of an adolescent drug abuser was a teen trying to escape from reality on illegal substances like cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Today, there is a great discrepancy between that perception and the reality of who is likely to abuse drugs. A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parent’s medicine chest to ‘score.’ Prescription drug abuse by teens is on the rise. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugsRead MoreEffects Of Drug Use On Society And Individuals932 Words   |  4 Pages Beard 1 Skyler Beard Mrs. Aten English 9 Honors 19 February, 2015 Effects of Drug Use on Society and Individuals â€Å"The human brain is structured to ensure that individuals will repeat behaviors necessary to survival and well-being. To do this, the brain associates such behaviors with a â€Å"reward,† or feeling of pleasure†(Addiction). This natural occurrence in the body, this â€Å"pleasurable feeling†, has led to a plethora of harmful and dangerous substances being

Colligative Properties Osmotic Pressure free essay sample

Important terms to study from this lab assignment are colligative properties, membrane permeability and osmotic pressure. First, colligative properties are â€Å"those of a solution that depend solely on the number of solute particles present, not the identity of those solute particles. These properties include: vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure† (p. 17 lab manual). In this experiment freezing point depression is illustrated by comparing the freezing point of distilled water to the freezing point of distilled water mixed with a non volatile solute, salt. Another important term taken from this lab experiment is membrane permeability, which is the ability of the membrane to pass a solution through it. Membrane permeability is crucial in the effectiveness of dialysis. Lastly, osmotic pressure is â€Å"the pressure that must be applied to stop the movement of solvent through the membrane† (p. 19 lab manual). Membrane permeability and osmotic pressure is demonstrated by using the dialysis tubing when submerged in distilled water, and the raw egg when immersed in the Karo syrup. Purpose: One goal of this experiment is to understand the differences in freezing points of a pure solvent compared to a solution with salt. Another goal is to â€Å"observe the phenomenon of osmosis and gain a fundamental understanding of the principle on which dialysis is based† (p. 15 lab manual). Procedure (Part 1: Colligative Properties): To begin this experiment a water bath was assembled using a 100 mL beaker, and filling it half way with cool tap water. Then, crushed ice was placed in the remainder of the beaker just below the top. Salt was finally added to the beaker and the solution was stirred well. After, a test tube was filled with distilled water, and the temperature was recorded every 30 seconds until the temperature reading was steady for five consecutive 30 second intervals. Then the same test tube was placed in the ice water bath and the temperature was recorded the same way as it previously was. Once, the temperature was consistent, the test tube was removed from the ice water bath, and emptied in the sink. The same test tube was used, and again filled half way will distilled water, but this time 1/8 teaspoon of salt was added to the tube. This solution was mixed well until all the salt was dissolved. The temperature was then recorded, as it was in the previous steps. The test tube was also submerged into a fresh ice bath, and the temperature was recorded yet again (same as previous steps). Once all of the data was recorded, the solution from the test tube, and the ice bath were emptied in the sink. Data and Observations: Data Table 1: Pure Water and Salt Solution Seconds Distilled H20 Room temp Distilled H20 Ice bath Saltwater Room temp Saltwater Ice bath 0 10 -2 11 -1 30 10 -1 11 -1 60 10 -1 11 -3 90 10 0 11 1 120 10 0 11 0 150 0 0 180 0 0 210 0 0 240 0 As the above tables show, the freezing point of the distilled water, â€Å"pure water†, experienced super cooling, but not exactly how the lab manual explained it would. The temperature dropped to -2 degrees Celsius, but rose back to zero. In the second table, labeled â€Å"Salt Solution†, super cooling was also experienced by the saltwater in the ice bath. This super cooling was â€Å"textbook†, compared to the first super cooling of the distilled water in the ice bath. This was not supposed to happen in that order according to the lab manual. In this part of the experiment we see how non volatile solutes affect the freezing point of the solution. Procedure (Part 2 Osmotic Pressure): To begin this part of the experiment, a glass bowl was filled half way will distilled water. The dialysis tubing was then submerged in the bowl for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the dialysis tube was taken out of the bowl and placed on a paper towel. The bowl was emptied in the sink, rinsed with distilled water, and then filled half way again with more distilled water. A rubber band was cut and used to tie off one end of the dialysis tubing, while the other end was filled 1/3 way with Karo syrup. After, the other end of the dialysis tube was tied off with a second rubber band, and the tubing was placed in the distilled water bowl for 10 hours. The dialysis tubing was carefully observed over that time span. The second part of this â€Å"Part 2† was called the â€Å"Raw Egg†. First an intact egg was gently placed into a glass jar. The egg was then covered with vinegar, and the lid was securely fastened for 19 hours. After the shell dissolved completely in the vinegar, the egg was carefully removed from the jar, and rinsed with cool tap water. The glass jar was also emptied into the sink and rinsed thoroughly. From there, the egg was placed back into the jar, and Karo syrup covered it. The lid was again securely fastened for 24 hours. Once all data was recorded, the egg was thrown away in the trash and the syrup was rinsed down the sink. Data and Observations: When the egg was in the jar of vinegar it was observed an hour later, and the egg was floating more than when it was sunken to the bottom at the beginning of the procedure. Over the 19 hour time span, the egg formed a foamy layer on top of the vinegar, due to the egg shell dissolving. The egg also appeared to be bigger than when it was first placed in the vinegar, and the surface of the egg was covered with tiny air bubbles. Once the egg was taken out of the jar, the membrane was soft and slimy, and the shell was completely dissolved. When the egg was in the jar of Karo syrup, the egg was obviously not protected by a shell, so the membrane was soft. Over the 24 hour time span, the syrup started to turn a very yellow tint, and the egg membrane, at first, seemed to be unchanged. Over the hours, the membrane shape was oval but looked to be getting flatted almost as if someone pressed it together from the top and bottom. At the end of the 24 hours, the bottom of the egg was concaved. Questions (Part 1) B. Record the freezing point of the pure water and the freezing point of the salt solution. The freezing point of the pure water is 0 degrees Celsius. (not in this data, the freezing point is -2) The freezing point of the salt solution is -1. C. How do these two freezing points compare? If there was no experimental error in this lab, the freezing point of the salt solution would be lower than that of the pure water. In this case it is the opposite due to error. D. What are some practical applications of freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and vapor pressure lowering? An example of freezing point depression is when one adds anti-freeze to car fuel to prevent the fuel from freezing in cold temperatures, like we are experiencing in the north east region now. An example of boiling point elevation would be the same. The antifreeze in the car also elevated the temperature of the fuel preventing your car from overheating. An example of vapor pressure lowering would be freeze drying. Freezing occurs because the vapor pressure from the surrounding air is lowered, and causes the substance to freeze. Questions (Part 2) A. To what biological structure is the dialysis bag comparable? How is it similar? How is it different? Cell membranes are comparable to the dialysis bag. They are similar because both are permeable. They differ though because cell membranes are semi permeable; regulating what enters and exits the cell. This is also different because cell membranes regulate what enters and exists on basis of survival. B. In biological systems if a cell is placed into a salt solution in which the salt concentration in the solution is lower than in the cell, the solution is said to be hypotonic. Water will move from the solution into the cell, causing lysis of the cell. In other words, the cell will expand to the point where it bursts. On the other hand, if a cell is placed into a salt solution in which the salt concentration in the solution is higher than in the cell, the solution is said to be hypertonic. In this case, water will move from the cell into the solution, causing cellular death through crenation or cellular shrinkage. In your experiment is the Karo ® hypertonic or hypotonic to the egg? In this experiment the Karo syrup is hypotonic because the egg expanded with Karo syrup. The egg could also be hypertonic, because the Karo syrup seemed to have a yellow tint. The explanation for this could be the yolk of the egg permeating the membrane into the Karo syrup. C. Historically certain colligative properties – freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure – have been used to determine molecular mass. (Now there are instrumental methods to determine this. ) Of these three, osmotic pressure is the most sensitive and gives the best results. Molecular mass can be found according the following equation: ? = MRT Where:? = osmotic pressure, M = molarity of solution, R = the ideal gas constant (0. 0821 L? atm/mol? K), and T = Kelvin temperature. Problem for Lab Report: At 23. 6 °C, 0. 500 L of a solution containing 0. 302 grams of an antibiotic has an osmotic pressure of 8. 34 mmHg. What is its molecular mass? 8. 34 mm Hg * 1 atm/760 mm Hg = 0. 010973684 atm. 0. 010973684 atm = M ( 0. 0821) (273 + 23. 6); M = 0. 010973684 / (0. 0821 * 296. 6) M = 0. 000450649 = 4. 50 x 10^-4 Molarity = moles / L: 4. 50 x 10^-4 = moles / . 500L (4. 50 x 10^-4) * (0. 500) = moles moles = 0. 000225 = 2. 25 x 10^-4 If 2. 25 x 10^-4 = 0. 302 grams, Then 1 mole = 0. 302g / 2. 25 x 10^-4 = 1342 g/mole which is the molar mass of the antibiotic Conclusion: In conclusion, the first part of the experiment exemplified how freezing points differ when solutes are added to a solvent. This is an important concept to grasp when learning and understanding the boiling and freezing points of many different solutions. In the antifreeze example above, it is extremely important to understand in freezing temperatures. Even though the data in this part of the experiment did not hold true, as explained in the lab manual, we can conclude that the addition of salt; solute, to distilled water; solvent, will cause a super cooling effect to the temperature. Errors could be explained in this portion to human error when reading and recording temperatures. Super cooling happens so rapidly, so this could be a plausible answer to error. Another error that could have explained the data could be due to the amount of salt in the ice water bath. If too much was used it could affect the results. The second part of the experiment helped show membrane permeability, and osmotic pressure of the dialysis tubing and the egg. As stated above permeability and semi permeability are crucial in the effectiveness of dialysis. In this experiment we can conclude that the dialysis tubing was more permeable than the egg. Understanding osmotic pressure is important to understand the rate at which osmosis will occur. In this experiment the osmotic pressure was greater in the dialysis tubing, than the egg.

Volumetric Analysis Lab Report Essay Example

Volumetric Analysis: Lab Report Paper At the equivalence point, all the KIP present has been neutralized by the added Noah and the solution is still colorless. However, if we add just one more drop of Noah solution from the burette, the solution will immediately turn pink because the solution is now basic. Titration of an unknown l. A measured amount of an acid of unknown concentration is added to a flask using a burette. An appropriate indicator such as phenolphthalein is added to the solution. (The indicator will indicate, by a color change, when the acid and base has been neutralized). 2. Base (standard solution) is slowly added to the acid, . The process is continued until the indicator shows that naturalization has occurred. This is called the END POINT. The end point is usually signaled by a sharp change in the color Of the indicator in the acid solution. In acid-base iterations, indicators are substances that have distinct different colors in acid and base (Phenolphthalein pink in base, colorless in acid). 4. At the equivalence point, both acid and base have been completely neutralized and the solution is still colorless. However, if we add just one more drop of Noah solution from the burette, the solution will immediately turn pink cause the solution is now basic. We will write a custom essay sample on Volumetric Analysis: Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Volumetric Analysis: Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Volumetric Analysis: Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Reduction Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Reduction Definition and Examples in Chemistry Reduction involves a half-reaction in which a chemical species decreases its oxidation number, usually by gaining electrons. The other half of the reaction involves oxidation, in which electrons are lost. Together, reduction and oxidation form redox reactions (reduction-oxidation redox). Reduction may be considered the opposite process of oxidation. In some reactions, oxidation and reduction may be viewed in terms of oxygen transfer. Here, oxidation is the gain of oxygen, while reduction is the loss of oxygen. An old, less-common definition of oxidation and reduction examines the reaction in terms of protons or hydrogen. Here, oxidation is ​the loss of hydrogen, while reduction is the gain of hydrogen. The most accurate reduction definition involves electrons and oxidation number. Examples of Reduction The H ions, with an oxidation number of 1, are reduced to H2, with an oxidation number of 0, in the reaction: Zn(s) 2H(aq) → Zn2(aq) H2(g) Another simple example is the reaction between copper oxide and magnesium to yield copper and magnesium oxide: CuO Mg → Cu MgO Rusting of iron is a process that involves oxidation and reduction. Oxygen is reduced, while iron is oxidized. While its easy to identify which species are oxidized and reduced using the oxygen definition of oxidation and reduction, its harder to visualize electrons. One way to do this is to rewrite the reaction as an ionic equation. Copper(II) oxide and magnesium oxide are ionic compounds, while the metals are not: Cu2 Mg → Cu Mg2 The copper ion undergoes reduction by gaining electrons to form copper. The magnesium undergoes oxidation by losing electrons to form the 2 cation. Or, you can view it as magnesium reducing the copper(II) ions by donating electrons. Magnesium acts as a reducing agent. In the meantime, the copper(II) ions remove electrons from magnesium to form magnesium ions. The copper(II) ions are the oxidizing agent. Another example is the reaction that extracts iron from iron ore: Fe2O3 3CO → 2Fe 3 CO2 The iron oxide undergoes reduction (loses oxygen) to form iron while the carbon monoxide is oxidized (gains oxygen) to form carbon dioxide. In this context, iron(III) oxide is the oxidizing agent, which gives oxygen to another molecule. Carbon monoxide is the reducing agent, which removes oxygen from a chemical species. OIL RIG and LEO GER To Remember Oxidation and Reduction There are two acronyms that may help you keep oxidation and reduction straight. OIL RIG- This stands for Oxidation Is Loss and Reduction Is Gain. The species that is oxidized loses electrons, which are gained by the species that is reduced.LEO GER or Leo the lion says grr.- This stands for Loss of Electrons Oxidation while Gain of Electrons Reduction. Another way to remember which part of the reaction is oxidized and which is reduced is to simply recall reduction mean reduction in charge.

Mesohippus - Facts and Figures

Mesohippus - Facts and Figures Name: Mesohippus (Greek for middle horse); pronounced MAY-so-HIP-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Epoch: Late Eocene-Middle Oligocene (40-30 million years ago) Size and Weight: About four feet long and 75 pounds Diet: Twigs and fruit Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; three-toed front feet; large brain relative to its size    About Mesohippus You can think of Mesohippus as Hyracotherium (the ancestral horse previously known as Eohippus) advanced a few million years: this prehistoric horse represented an intermediate stage between the smallish hooved mammals of the early Eocene epoch, about 50 million years ago, and the large plains grazers (like Hipparion and Hippidion) that dominated the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs over 45 million years later. This horse is known by no less than twelve separate species, ranging from M. bairdi to M. westoni, which roamed the expanse of North America from the late Eocene to the middle Oligocene epochs. About the size of a deer, Mesohippus was distinguished by its three-toed front feet (earlier horses sported four toes on their front limbs) and the wide-set eyes set high atop its long, horse-like skull. Mesohippus was also equipped with slightly longer legs than its predecessors, and was endowed with what, for its time, was a relatively large brain, about the same size, proportionate to its bulk, as that of modern horses. Unlike later horses, however, Mesohippus fed not on grass, but on twigs and fruit, as can be inferred by the shape and arrangement of its teeth.

NASA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NASA - Essay Example These are all good things but they do not necessarily bring about good results. The case study shows that the administrators and the systems need to be geared to solving real problems, and not just sustaining the system itself. There is no point in having an excellent health and safety system, for example, if it the accidents still happen and people still lose their lives. Another key role of public administration is to decide what needs to be done, and plan for that. Wilson’s comparison of the French and German armies at the start of World War 2 shows that it is possible to have excellent organizational systems, with everything working to plan, and yet, in the case of the French, have a plan that is not suited to the particular problems facing the organization. This means that public administration which is strong is not enough. It has to be facing the right direction and aiming for the right goals so that it can be effective at bringing about the desired outcomes. In some pu blic organizations there are very large resources devoted to the operation and so it is crucial that the senior teams think through very carefully what the priorities are, and what kind of change needs to be faced in the future. Simply maintaining the procedures that have always worked in the past is not enough. This may have been enough before, but because there are many variables in society, and because things change unexpectedly, an effective public administration needs to be flexible and able to take on board new ideas all the time. The example of the German army, and of some school head teachers, shows that highly committed individuals who can manage teams are an essential part of an effective administration. There has to be an ability to keep to an overall plan, but at the same time some small group independent thinking and action is absolutely vital. Public administration is often criticized because it is too slow moving, and over cautious. Society needs an administration tha t can respond quickly to crisis, and can break through all the red tape to take decisive action when there is a real threat. In the Centralia case study it is clear that the administrators all kept within their own narrow boundaries, and no-one stepped out to demand immediate and decisive action. Society needs this kind of leadership in public administration to identify crisis areas and respond immediately. Public administration has a very important role in society because it adds a professional dimension to community activities. Someone has to have a view of the big picture, and someone has to ensure that all the different branches of activity in society meet together for the good of all. I think Wilson’s description of the German army is a good one, because it shows that discipline and order can be matched with innovation and independent thinking. If everything was left to private individuals and companies, then there would soon be chaos and exploitation of the weakest memb ers of society. Public administration sets the standard for fairness and consistency, and it is the job of public administration managers to keep a good balance between following the rules and driving through change where it is needed. Question 2. On the basis of Long’s essay on administrative power and your analysis of â€Å"The Columbia Accident† what specific factors can you identify that can strengthen or detract from an organization’

Health for community and people across lifespan Essay

Health for community and people across lifespan - Essay Example People are influenced by a variety of life issues and circumstances. It was highlighted that some are predictable or might be chosen at the same time some are unpredictable. In a situation where life became suddenly changed there will be consequences that might be out of control and an individual becomes stressed. Both ideas involve broad view, for an instance issues like redundancy or divorce may be predictable while other people are not expecting to lose their job or divorced. Nevertheless, life changing events frequently involves positive learning also risk of stress (Aldworth et. al2010). Page: 159, This assignment deals with health needs in the community in order to meet the provision across lifespan, the perspective of people regarding inclusion, access to choice, and disengagement of services. Also, factors affecting access to health care of an individual from the perspectives of social, health and behavioural science theory. Also the role of a nurse within the multi-disciplinary team will be explored in the delivery of holistic care. And it relates to an individual in decision making. In the scenario, it is very evident that social exclusion is present and it will reflect on this assignment. However, a recommendation and advice will be made for the individual on how to promote health, wellbeing and lifestyle (University of Bedford). The main focus of this essay is Gladys a 51 year old lady. She parted from her husband soon after the delivery of Joshua and presently divorced. At present, she lives with her two sons, her granddaughter and her father in-law in a 4 bed roomed house through the housing association. Presently, she is a full time carer for her granddaughter and her father in-law. She does smoke roll-ups, but unable to afford a car (University of Bedford). She was separated from her husband right after the birth of Joshua, which shows her tendency towards the postnatal depression. Postnatal depression

Another Kind of Racism Essay Example for Free

Another Kind of Racism Essay Racism is a disease. Spread by not only words and actions but by silence and inaction. In two stories presented in different media – a novel and a movie—racism is spread by people who feel they are not racists, but who do nothing to prevent and stop racism. The reality is that it is easy to pretend racism doesn’t exist, yet everyone practices it in some way. Those who know racism is wrong and do nothing are the â€Å"perpetrators† of racism. They allow the disease to cling to a group and spread like sending a sick toddler to preschool; touching everything and everyone, infecting all. In T. C. Boyle’s book Tortilla Curtain, racism is present throughout the book – enough to exhaust the reader. In the movie Crash, racism is one element of a complex plot. They teach the reader similar, compatible lessons. The character Delaney from the book and the Cameron from Crash both are used to depict stereotypical persons who claim to fight racism, stereotyping, and discrimination, yet when faced with a situation when it is directed toward them or someone near to them they allow racism to happen as if nothing was wrong. Following these people are dying morals and blind humanity. Delany is a white, affluent, born on the East Coast; he now lives in Los Angeles. Living in a â€Å"gated community† had insulated him from the poverty that surrounded the very edges of the walls of exclusive neighborhood. During community meetings he does not want to discuss the increasing numbers of illegal immigrants; he prefers to focus on the coyote attacks. Until the accident he did not know his life would cross paths with an Illegal Immigrant. He had seen them only in the parking lots where they waited looking for work. He claims to not be a racist, to not be biased, and to not stereotype individuals at these meetings. As he claims this, his car hits a Mexican named Candido. Delaney soothes his conscience by giving Candido $20 blood money, explaining to his wife Kyra that Hes a Mexican. Delaney actions suggest that Mexicans are not â€Å"people.† More than 50 years earlier John Steinbeck’s characters in the book The Grapes of Wrath phrase the issue much of the same way, â€Å"They ain’t human. A human being wouldn’t live like they do. A human being couldn’t stand it to be so dirty and miserable.† Delaney prefers to pretend as if the Mexicans didn’t exist, as the alternative is showing how he feels insecure and threatened by them. This is same way the character of the Hollywood Director Cameron in the same movie allows racism and harassment to occur in front of him to his own wife. He allows her to be violated by a racist white cop. After his wife gets molested, instead of standing up against the cop and protecting his wife; he grovels and thanks the cop for not giving him a ticket, â€Å"Look, were sorry, and we would appreciate if you would just let us go with a warning, please.† (Crash, 2004). Delaney and Cameron are hypocrites being perpetrated from both ends of the spectrum; they represent individuals directly affected by racism who fail to respond in a way that causes it to cease, and those indirectly causing the racism to occur and spread. In the movie Crash this is shown by Cameron feeling cornered and lashing out against those around him; in Tortilla Curtain it is shown when the main character gives up fighting against the walls and letting those around him decide for him what is right and wrong. By their silence they allow the racism to perpetuate around them. Individuals like those portrayed in these scenarios run the risk of causing an unending cycle of racism and bigotry that will not stop until someone stands up against it. Their fear feeds those around them. In Crash Cameron is confronted by fellow worker asking about an African American actor. â€Å"This is gonna sound strange, but is Jamal seeing a speech coach or something?This is weird for a white guy to say, but have you noticed hes talking a lot less black lately?† And the answer is, â€Å"No, I havent noticed that.† At first the character stands up to the â€Å"racist† questioner but in the end he gives up, he ignores why Jamal hasn’t been â€Å"sounding Black† and goes on acting as if the words had not been said. In the same way after a canyon fire is set accidently by Candido in Tortilla Curtain; Delaney attacks a Mexican man who is being questioned by the police. Delaney looked round at his neighbors, their faces drained and white, fists clenched, ready to go anywhere, do anything, seething with it, spoiling for it, a mob. They were out here in the night, outside the walls, forced out of their shells, and there was nothing to restrain them.† (The Tortilla Curtain, 289) This occurs immediately after Delaney has attacked the handcuffed Josà © Navidad, arrested under suspicion of starting the fire. Delaney’s furious, uncontrolled actions and unexplainable anger towards the Mexicans has incited a full-on riot, with the evacuated residents of Arroyo Blanco ready to attack anything and anyone. The idea of the wall comes up in both movies, with whites being forced outside their walls, and their comfort zones. The results are frightening. The white citizens of the town have abandoned their ordered ways, Delaney has even abandoning his self-imposed rules; he has indulged in alcohol. All have become more like the uninhibited immigrants they dislike and fear. In Crash the audience sees the hatred and racism feed on itself when two suspicious black men attack the District Attorney after complaining about racism towards them. The wife goes off on a rant after the attack and says many racial slurs and insults the locksmith. Her anger spills over into her husband who starts ranting as well. â€Å"Why did these guys have to be black? I mean, why?† (Crash, 2004). Like a disease, racism and hatred spreads from person to person impregnating their souls with bigotry and a blind sense of what is right. In the end both characters lose sight of what is right. More concerned about themselves than how their actions affect those around them. Their arrogance in thinking that they are above the racism and bigotry has significant consequences. The infectious nature of racism in individuals who are intelligent, and who have power and influence, is the real danger. Their thinking is infectious, and once these thoughts are inside someone’s head they don’t leave. It is especially dangerous when these individuals are opinion leaders. These are characters in fiction, but in the real world, people like Delaney and Cameron should not be tolerated. They cause the spread of racism, creating an unending circle of pain and grief for everyone they touch and a wider circle touched by those whom they have touched. Works Cited: Crash. Dir. Paul Haggins. Perf. Don Cheadle and Sandra Bullock. Warner Brothers, 2004. DVD. Frenken, Wiltrud, Angela Luz, and Brigitte Prischtt. T.C. Boyle: The Tortilla Curtain. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2007. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Viking, 1939. Print.

Against Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint Act Essay -- DNA Databa

Abstract: California’s Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint Act both expand criminal DNA databases far beyond what is necessary to protect citizens and prosecute violent crime. DNA profiling techniques and databases have developed largely over the last fifteen years, and the recent expansions are only a part of an ongoing trend of ‘function creep’ that characterizes database expansion. Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint Act expand DNA databases originally designed to house DNA samples from violent criminals to include samples from anyone arrested for a felony crime. This is unreasonable because many persons arrested for felonies are ever convicted or even tried, but under these expansions their DNA will be stored in a criminal DNA database alongside convicted rapists, murderers, and other felons. California Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint Act: Considerable Expansions in Criminal DNA Databases Proposition 69, passed last November by voters in California, and the DNA Fingerprint Act, passed recently in Congress, both significantly expand DNA databases designed to house and identify DNA samples from dangerous, violent criminals. These recent expansions are only part are only part of a ‘function creep’ phenomenon that has characterized DNA database expansion since states began keeping DNA profiles on record in the 1990s. Not until recently, however, have the expansions crossed the line between legitimate DNA profiling for law enforcement or forensic purposes and an invasion of privacy. Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint Act do not significantly improve the ability of law enforcement agencies to prosecute violent criminals. Instead, they treat many innocent citizens as criminals, storing their res... ...2048/cgi/content/full/352/26/2669 2Simoncelli, Tania. Steinhardt, Barry. California’s Proposition 69: A dangerous precedent for criminal DNA databases. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics. [Internet]. [cited 2005 Oct 3]. Available from: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=17768646 3Rothstein, Mark A. Genetic justice. The New England Journal of Medicine. [Internet]. [cited 2005 Nov 6]. Available from: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/26/2667 4Proposition 69: DNA samples, collection, database, funding, initiative statute. California Secretary of State. [Internet]. [cited 2005 Oct 15]. Available from: http://222.ss.ca.gov/elections/bp_nov04/prop_60_entire.pdf Senate reauthorizes violence against women 5 act. Senator Jon Kyl Press Office. [Internet]. [cited 2005 Oct 15]. Available from: http://kyl.senate/gov/record.cfm?id=246925

Explore the similarities and differences Essay

Shakespeare’s original Hamlet was written in text, however Kenneth Branagh created a film version of the play as did Franco Zeffirelli. Firstly there are many advantages that film productions have over plays written in text only. For example, Shakespeare’s Hamlet cannot portray certain visual elements that can be vital in the understanding of a play – but film has that advantage and therefore can add such details as settings, characters and their costumes and body language. Even the way that a line is spoken can make a big difference in its portrayal to the audience. For example in Branagh’s version of Hamlet, whilst talking about the ghost he pauses before he says the word, â€Å"apparition,† which gives the impression he is confused as to how he will describe the spirit seen of King Hamlet. Film can use music in the background to suit the mood of the particular scene. For example in the opening scene of Hamlet by Branagh there is much imagery created even before any dialogue is used. There is an imposing view of the Kings castle at night whilst ghostly bells toll the midnight hour and you hear the crunching footsteps of Francisco guarding the gates. Just these few devices mixed together instantly create an atmosphere that cannot be recognised so easily in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Instead, â€Å"Who’s there? † Barnado says. Starting off with a question like this immediately sets a mood of apprehension that Branagh captures when Barnado jumps on top of Francisco whilst shouting â€Å"Who’s there? † Also Shakespeare’s broken and short dialogue creates unease and confusion adding to the dark atmosphere. For example the first six lines are short and seem anxious and nervous – â€Å"Who’s there? / Nay, answer me. Stand and unfold yourself. / Long live the King! / Barnado? / He. / You come most carefully upon your hour. † Both Shakespeare’s and Branagh’s Hamlet are different in the way Branagh’s is in the format of film and Shakespeare’s is only text. However they are very similar in the way they both create a dark, corrupt atmosphere – Branagh with his dramatic imagery and Shakespeare with his broken, short dialogue. Also with Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Francisco says, â€Å"‘Tis bitter cold, and I am sick at heart,† just this single sentence adds to the atmosphere that something is seriously wrong in a very evil way. Another way in which Branagh used dramatic imagery – when the ghost appears for the first time in front of the men. The ghost is the image of the King in full battle armour floating towards them with dramatic music in the background. This imagery is clearly something that cannot easily be drawn from Shakespeare’s text on its own. A similarity between both Shakespeare’s and Branagh’s Hamlet is that Branagh’s version stays extremely faithful to the text in the original Hamlet by Shakespeare. For example, just after Horatio sees the ghost of old Hamlet he goes on at great detail about the ghost’s appearance as an omen of trouble brewing for Denmark – quite a long section of dialogue. However, Branagh’s film doesn’t cut out a single word and keeps the dialogue identical to the original text by Shakespeare. Zeffirelli’s Hamlet cuts out the whole of the original ghost scene completely substituting it with the funeral of old King Hamlet with emphasis on the King’s death rather than the ghost appearing. In this respect it loses a lot of the atmospheric effect that Branagh’s version creates. Hamlet should be portrayed in a dark, evil way to start off the play that Branagh’s does successfully. However, with Zeffirelli’s version there is no way of knowing that an evil deed has been done or that there is any corruption, guilt or suspicion of any kind. All you note is the negativity of the Kings funeral. Although both films’ opening scenes are very different in many ways they are both similar in another way. They both start with a negative theme. Branagh’s version shows the dead King Hamlet’s ghost haunting the troubled minds of the guards and this reinforces the sense of evil captured that night. Zeffirelli’s version shows the great castle and all the knights wearing black for the King’s funeral while Hamlet’s mother hysterically weeps over the still body of the King. Therefore in this way they are very similar. Another big difference is the running time of both films. Branagh’s film’s running time is 232 minutes, which is a long time compared to just 130 minutes of Zeffirelli’s version of Hamlet. This difference accounts for the fact that Zeffirelli cut out a great deal of the original Shakespearean text whereas Branagh included almost all of it in the entire film.

JSBMHA and HIPAA Case Study Essay

According to the laws concerning HIPAA where it pertains to serving and protecting patients’ rights, HIPAA is put into place to protect patient rights by not allowing any medical professional to discuss a patients prognosis, symptoms or any other specifics regarding their care with another individual not directly involved with their case. Because of this, a patient’s identity and confidential information is kept that way. Violations are punishable by law. HIPAA abstains an excessive influence continuously for the rights of patients’, every area concerned with the JSBMHA was affected the two employees. Their conversation unknowingly had an impact on the patients, as well as put their agency in a difficult situation. The outcome of their conversation could have caused the grandmother of the three children to inform others about the lack of confidentiality that the employee’s shows inside a public forum which could have the agency look upon negatively. Other individuals that deals with this agency could become aware and made to feel uncomfortable about giving up any information. From the outside looking in ti would look as if any information received by the JSBMHA is at risk of not being fully secured, at that point trust between the two parties has been compromised. The actions that should be taken should be to suspend the two individuals, their actions were a direct violation of the code of ethics. They need to know and understand that they have placed the agency in a serious predicament as well as lost the trust of one and possibly more patients and their families. As far as Jim goes he should’ve known better seeing that he’s been with the company much longer then Betty, it was is his responsibility to inform her that there are certain conversation that are to be left inside the office and that this one was not one to have in public. Furthermore because Jim is a â€Å"seasoned vet† in social work after 20 years he should know the code of ethics front to back so he should be suspended indefinitely without pay. Jim should have been more of a mentor to Betty instead of a gossiping friend.

This is a lab report on Drug Analysis-Thin Layer Chromatography essays

This is a lab report on Drug Analysis-Thin Layer Chromatography essays Objective: To detect the separation and tentative identification of components present in mixtures by using thin layer chromatography. Materials and Methods/Procedures: A thin layer plate was obtained and a baseline was drawn in pencil approximately 1.5 cm from the bottom of the plate. Seven equidistant spots were marked and labeled on the baseline. Six samples were obtained and using a new capillary tube for each sample, a spot of each drug solution was placed on the appropriate mark on the chromatography plate. The spots were allowed to dry, and one drop of the five drug samples were spotted on the mark labeled mixture'. The mark labeled unknown' was spotted with the unknown sample a couple of times. The plate was placed in a prepared solvent chamber', and when the solvent moved up the plate  ¾ of the way, the plate was removed and allowed to dry. The plate was then examined under short wavelength ultraviolet light. Results: After observing the plate, the drug present in the Unknown sample was identified as Phenacetine. The spots observed in the "Mixture" were compared to the spots of each individual drug and it was noted that the unknown #6, identified as Phenacetine, was the only spot to match with the number 7 mixture. Spot #1-caffeine, and spot #5-quinine were noted to be Discussion: When using thin layer chromatography to observe spots of individual drugs it was noted that most of the drugs were not level or were Conclusion: Thin layer chromatography allowed the student to determine what the unknown drug was by running spots of the sample with known drug samples on the same plate, and then comparing the results. This also prevented any uncertainties which could have been caused by variations in ...

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors

7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors 7 Reference Resources for Writers and Editors By Mark Nichol What guides and handbooks does a careful writer (or editor) rely on? I’ve consulted many resources, but the ones on this list have pride of place and show the most wear and tear. 1. The Associated Press Stylebook Associated Press style and Chicago style (see below) differ in some respects, but many of the listings in this alphabetically organized resource will set you straight about how to treat many common and proper nouns. 2. The Chicago Manual of Style This is the primary resource, after a house style guide, for many American publishing companies and other companies that produce publications, providing guidance about grammar and usage as well as topics like abbreviation, capitalization and other emphasis (such as italics or boldface), numbers, and punctuation. It’s only one of many, but it’s preeminent. 3. The Copyeditor’s Handbook This paperback guide, originally conceived as a companion to Chicago, is similar in organization but formatted more like a textbook (I’ve used it as such with great success), with exercises at the back of each chapter. It’s more accessible but not as comprehensive than the preceding book. 4. Garner’s Modern American Usage Language maven Bryan Garner’s authoritative, encyclopedic tome about proper use of words is the definitive specimen of this type. 5. Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary This is a handy resource for double-checking names of famous people or their life spans (and years in office or on a throne). The publisher’s general dictionary includes in its appendixes both biographical and geographical dictionaries, but the listings in the stand-alone publications are much more extensive. 6. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Actually, I generally use Merriam-Webster Online, but the print version is handy for finding all the words that start with a certain prefix, or coming up with an alliterative adjective. 7. Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary Find out the current spellings of foreign cities and the official names of countries and their land area and population. The latter figure will be out of date, and you can find this information (and that available in the biographical dictionary) online, but you may prefer flipping pages to clicking through sites. This list is not a purchasing guide don’t blindly buy any of these books. Visit your local library and take a look at them, then decide which are good investments for your needs. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterUsed To vs. Use ToPrepositions to Die With

Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment - Research Paper Example It is an indispensable tool that comes in aid in every field like education, communications and work. Spending time on Internet is a productive activity, but if the same is carried out excessively can lead to obstacles in the normal living pattern of the people. Internet can bestow various beneficial services to human kind but when the use of this technology gets out of hand and becomes an obsession, and then a person can destroy his life. It can have so much negative impact on one’s life that one hardly notices unless it gets too late. When people chat with friends who are on line and play games on net or gamble on line they get unknowingly involved in the act so deeply that they forget it’s negative consequences .This kind of acts turn into a compulsive action that the Internet user never realizes it for long time The Internet addicted person can many a times face difficulty in remaining aloof from Internet and soon get victimized to Internet addiction disorder. How I nternet Addiction Occur Among People In today’s world, everyone engages with Internet despite of age, sex and location. Internet has become such a part of people’s life that whenever a person is depressed or stressed they approach Internet to uplift their mood. The Internet give access to various types of communicative options and entertainment sources which makes people alleviated in less time with minimum effort. Each person use Internet for various reasons and it is mostly the social networking sites which make the person addicted to Internet. The various chat sites like yahoo, Msn and Google have made the lives of people easy in communicating with each other and finding new friends and starting new relationships. Internet addiction is also known in the name of computer addiction and different types of impulses are connected to it. People are able to use Internet to entertain themselves with the help of many websites which specialize in games, movies, social network ing and gambling. Using g Internet for necessity is not objectionable, but if this activity consume more time of people’s life then it can be said that person is addicted to Internet. â€Å"The rationale why people become addicted to the Internet is vast. Some theories to explain addiction disorders are rooted with behavioral explanations, psychodynamic and personality explanations, socio -cultural explanations, and biomedical explanations†. (Duran).When people get too much involved with computer and ignore work, relationship and themselves then he is to be considered as an Internet addicted. If people feel they cannot live without Internet and finds no time for other activities of their life then he is addicted to the Internet completely. When people are driven by unpleasant feelings and stressful situation they are less likely to know whom to approach to make their situation better and resort to computer. In such a situation they find computer as their best friend an d start indulging in entertaining sites provided by web world. When people use Internet they get relieved from stressful problems faced by them and get a soothing and comforting pleasure from it. Negative feelings like loneliness, depression, anxiety and despair are relieved when people get connected to Internet. Another important factor is that computer is an easily accessible electronic gadget and people can operate it without much difficulty. They hardly think of any other option when computer is

How photosynthesis and respiration are linked And how do they to Essay

How photosynthesis and respiration are linked And how do they to provide you with energy from the food you eat - Essay Example During photosynthesis, sunlight causes the water and carbon dioxide to be changed into oxygen and sugar (glucose) (Audesirk, Audesirk, and Byers, 2008).The process starts with absorption of light energy by  proteins  (known as photosynthetic reaction centers),  which have chlorophylls. A part of light energy collected by chlorophylls is stored as  adenosine triphosphate  (ATP), while rest of the energy is used for breaking  electrons  present in water molecules, obtained by plants from soil. These electrons then take part in reactions that change CO2 obtained from the atmosphere into organic compounds. The chemical equation that represents photosynthesis is as follows: Sunlight + chlorophyll 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) Respiration is a catabolic process, where organic compounds are broken down and energy is released. In this process oxygen and glucose (produced by photosynthesis) are used to make carbon dioxide and water, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released as chemical energy, (released from molecular glucose) which is completely broken down by aerobic respiration. When ATP is broken down by human body cells to form adenosine di-phosphate or ADP, energy is released along with a phosphate group. Thus, ATP is the source of energy for all human body cells, and this energy is used for maintaining all body functions. The equation showing the process respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) +36 ATP Therefore, respiration and photosynthesis are complementary reactions. Respiration needs glucose and oxygen produced by photosynthesis, while photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide and water that are products of respiration, and both processes combine to produce energy. 2. What is fermentation? Some organisms and cells use glycolysis (known as fermentation) to produce chemical energy from glucose created during photosynthesis (where energy is derived from sunlight), even without the presence of oxygen. Fermentation starts with breaking down of a glucose molecule, and the entire set of reactions is termed as glycolysis (Alcamo, 2003).   Glycolysis involves ten chemical reactions (fig 2), controlled by various enzymes, and energy is released as two ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose that is divided into half, and the entire process takes place in absence of oxygen. Alcoholic fermentation is seen in yeast, which results in alcohol and CO2. On the other hand, in human bodies (in muscle cells) lactose fermentation takes place, which produces lactic acid causing pH levels to turn acidic. Under such circumstances, an individual starts experiencing muscle cramps and tiredness (Alcamo, 2003).   The process of fermentation is represented pictorially as follows: Fig 2: The process of Glycolysis and fermentation (Yim and Glover, â€Å"The Biochemical process,† 2003). 3. Enzymes Biological catalysts also known as enzymes h elp in carrying out various chemical reactions, taking place within living cells. Enzymes are large protein molecules, containing hundreds of amino acids. Often there is also a non-protein group (a vitamin co-enzyme or a metal cofactor), which is required during catalysis for decreasing the activation energy (Bisswanger, 2008). When an enzyme-catalysis takes place, the substrate joins

Volunteer Work Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volunteer Work Experience - Essay Example When I was a young teenager, my mother would let me conduct simple bookkeeping, perform inventory counts, and supervise the workers while she was away. Working alongside my mother made me realize that my vision of becoming a competent entrepreneur was attainable. My mother’s theory that economics and accounting were the governing languages of business was not only reflected in her business decisions, but also evident in her daily conducts. It was as if her every motion and speech had been calculated for the highest accuracy and efficiency. Her ability to handle tough situations with poise coupled with an undeniable attention to details made her an exceptional businessperson. She was able to keep the family above waters even when my father's ventures failed. Whether mom was trying to maintain her little textile shop or tending to her catering business, she always managed to keep an optimistic outlook despite countless missed opportunities and unfruitful investments. Every week, she would gather donations and organize trips to local orphanages. Her intelligence and selfless altruism strengthened my aspirations to soar as a successful businesswoman and break free from society’s patriarchal expectations. My achievements function as a medium from which I could give back to the community. In the summer of 2010, I felt extremely defeated when my hopes of scoring an internship with the auditing firm Ernst & Young Jakarta was crushed. However, my disappointment left me searching for other opportunities that would allow me to accomplish something in the business world. When my 17-year-old boyfriend came up with a spontaneous idea to build a small Internet business in the underdeveloped area of West Jakarta, I impulsively agreed to be his bookkeeper.

The Police and Crime

The Police and Crime History of Criminal Investigation: The investigation of crime involves the study of various facts and findings, with the intention of finding whether an individual is guilty or not, for an offence. This process involves the use of a variety of techniques, which includes interviews, interrogations, forensic analysis, etc (Fisher Fisher, 2012). The investigation of crime is a concept that has a long history, and the function of detectives was able to develop gradually. However, it is important to explain that, it is the CID who had the responsibility of investigating crime. This was a specialized unit, responsible for investigating crime, and could be found in all police stations in the United Kingdom (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). However, the powers of investigators were ambiguous. This is because there wasn’t any law that was able to spell out the role of investigators, and the rights of the people under investigation (Rossmo and Summers, 2015). This was a major challenge to the investigatory process, basically because the detectives could breach on the rights of people, because of the absence of a clear guideline on how to investigate (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). Furthermore, investigators had very limited training. This had an impact of negatively affecting the efficiency of their investigations, hence the results. It is because of these limited training, that the status of investigatory officers was able to rise up very slowly. Organizational Processes: Crown Prosecution Service: Until 1984, it was the police department that was in charge of the investigation of criminal activities. The introduction of the 1984, law of Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) is significant, because it was able to identify the role of the police officers, and the rights that the public had. This is with the intention of protecting the citizens from abuses by the police. Until 1986, it is the police who were responsible for investigating crime, and prosecuting crime. However, this responsibility and duties changed in the year 1986. This is basically because of the emergence of the Crown Prosecution Office. This came into being with the enactment of the 1985 Prosecution Offences Act. The Crown Prosecution Office has the responsibility of prosecuting every criminal charge, brought against an individual (Newburn, 2012). This office is very important because it ensures that the police would not be the prosecutors, as well as the investigators of a criminal offence. This helps in protecting the citizens from abuses by police officers, who may carry out inadequate investigation, and press charges with limited evidence (Carr-Hill Stern, 2014). The impact of this situation is that the police officers may prosecute an innocent person, or they may fail to get justice to the victim, because of the inability of successful prosecuting the case, leading to a conviction. The Crown Prosecution Service is therefore important, basically because it would ensure that the quality of investigation is high, and cases are brought to the courts, if there is sufficient evidence warranting their prosecution (Baker, 2013). This has therefore helped in solving issues pertaining to poor investigation of an offence. Volume Crimes: In as much as there is the existence of the crown prosecution service, it is very difficult to solve and investigate volume crimes (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). These are the majority of offences that are committed in England and Wales. These criminal activities are very difficult to solve, hence on most occasions, their victims normally do not get justice. Because of their large number, the criminal department is overwhelmed in investigating these criminal activities. This means that there are no enough personnel who can help in investigating these criminal activities. This is a major challenge facing investigators (Lister, 2013). To solve on this situation, there is a need of hiring more personnel, and training them on the best methods of investigating this type of crime. Serious Crimes The investigation of serious crimes is also has challenges. The CID has a monopoly in this area, and it makes it difficult for other organs of the police force to demand for accountability in the manner which these criminal activities are investigated. Furthermore, the media has portrayed the investigation of these types of offences as glorious, and this limits the effectiveness of investigators. An example is the Sherlock Holmes series of investigations, where the media glorifies the activities of detective Holmes (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). This is a misconception portrayed by the media. Risk Factors: Furthermore, the quality of investigation is affected by the risks that are placed on police officers to perform. This is in circumstances when there is a public outcry on the rise of insecurity in certain areas of the country. Too much pressure has the capability of affecting the quality of an investigation (Griffiths, 2014). There is also too much reliance on interviews and this is a challenge because people may lie while being interviewed. Furthermore, it is possible to categorize such kinds of evidence as hearsay by the courts. This means that they will not be admissible (Kassin et al, 2014). Investigators, also have a close relationship with criminals. This is basically because it is difficult to crack an underground crime organization without the help of criminals’ officers. This is unethical practice, because it is wrong to associate with people, that they are tasked to fight against. Detection Rates: Detection rates also present a challenge to investigation of crime. This refers to the criminal activities that have been successfully solved. This is always a political process, and the judges and the courts may be influenced. This is based on the perception of the society. Forensic Science and the Media: The emergence of the media has played a role in blurring reality, with fiction. This means that it has an influence in making some fictional activities to be reality, hence affecting the quality of investigation. Take for example, the investigative ability of Sherlock Holmes. He is a fictional character, depicted as being highly talented. Some of his skills are not realistic, and cannot be implemented. Furthermore, lack of high quality technologies plays a role in limiting the results of investigation. Debate arises in the United Kingdom, on the need of reviewing some cases that were prosecuted in 1980s, and early 1990s, with the use of technology, for purposes of solving them. Furthermore, because of inadequate skills, there is poor use of forensic technology, for purposes of determining the real culprit of a criminal offence. Poor communication of its use is also a factor affecting the quality of investigations. Conclusion There are a lot of challenges facing the investigations of criminal offences. As discussed earlier, one of the crimes that police are unable to investigate adequately are voluminous crimes. This is because of the lack of enough personnel, who can investigate these criminal activities. Furthermore, the monopoly of the CID over serious crimes makes it to be unaccountable to any policing department. In as much as these challenges exist, with proper reforms and policies, there is a possibility of overcoming them. Bibliography: BAKER, S. (2013). Has the introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners provided accountability to local people?: a Case Study in Hampshire and IOW. BEAUREGARD, E., MARTINEAU, M. (2014). No body, no crime? The role of forensic awareness in avoiding police detection in cases of sexual homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 213-220. CARR-HILL, R. A., STERN, N. H. (2014). Crime, the police and criminal statistics: an analysis of official statistics for England and Wales using econometric methods. Academic Press. FISHER, B. A., FISHER, D. R. (2012). Techniques of crime scene investigation. CRC Press. GRIFFITHS, A. G. F. (2014). Mysteries of police and crime. Arthur George Frederick Griffiths. KASSIN, S. M., KUKUCKA, J., LAWSON, V. Z., DECARLO, J. (2014). Does video recording alter the behavior of police during interrogation? A mock crime-and- investigation study. Law and human behavior, 38(1), 73. LISTER, S. (2013). The new politics of the police: police and crime commissioners and the ‘operational independence’of the police. Policing, 7(3), 239-247. NEWBURN, T. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of policing. Routledge. ROSSMO, D. K., SUMMERS, L. (2015). Routine Activity Theory in Crime Investigation. The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory, 19. TAYLOR, R. W., FRITSCH, E. J., LIEDERBACH, J. (2014). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press.

James Watt :: essays research papers

James Watt was born February 19, 1736 and died on August 19, 1889. As a child he was often sick. This kept James out of school. His mother had to teach him how to read and write. James suffered from severe headaches, so many people thought he was retarded. Little did they know that this child that most people didn’t consider normal would lead America to one of the most important stages The Industrial Revolution. It all started when he traveled to England to become a mechanic. Then he decided to come back to Scotland. This is where he met Joseph Black. Black though him some thing that he found interesting about steam. This got Watt started in thinking about how to make Newcomms steam engine better. So in 1764 he got his first real challenge. He got one of Newcomms machines that could not be repaired. He repaired that machine without any problem. Watt had one problem, he had no idea why someone would be satisfied with a machine like this. James decided to make a practical steam engine, this resulted in cheaper transportation. This was possible because in 1869 Watt came up with the condenser (a chamber for condensing the steam) witch he got patented. During all this commotion Watt decided to get married to his cousin Margaret Miller, who died nine years after there marriage. Although they still had six children together. Watt then decide to marry his second wife Ann MacGreagor, which they went on to have two children. James was able to keep wealthy by teaming up with huge manufactures. They wanted James’s engine to do thing like pump water out of coal mines and putting them in locomotives to transport goods. The final part of the steam engine was a invented in 1790. It was a gauge that make the steam much safer. It read the amount of steam pressure produced in side the tank.

A Comparison Of Water Quality In Ponds Environmental Sciences Essay

Background information: – pollution is the chief job faced by today ‘s universe. The scientific definition of pollution is that it is the debut of contaminations into an environment that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or populating beings. Pollution can take the signifier of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or visible radiation. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or of course happening ; of course happening, are considered to be contaminations when they exceed natural degrees. The chief type of pollution faced by human existences in today ‘s universe viz. are air pollution, dirt pollution and H2O pollution. These pollution signifiers are chiefly caused due to human actions. Some causes are as follows point pollution is caused due to dumping of human resources into the H2O organic structure nevertheless it is a sensible pollution because it ca n be easy found out on where the pollution is caused, diffuse pollution nevertheless is n't a sensible pollution because it is unknown where the pollution starts from and in conclusion H2O pollution is caused by the release of some waste merchandises of life things and contaminations into the surface of overflow of the river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, waste H2O discharges i.e. drainage H2O, eutrophication and littering. Eutrophication is production of microorganisms and these micro-organisms consumes a batch of foods and O. Micro-organisms normally grow because they feed through chemicals like nitrate specifically therefore in other words they consume fertilisers. Water pollution affects the workss and beings populating in the H2O and in about all of the instances this harm affects in either ways non merely human population but besides the whole biological communities. H2O organic structures can be analyzed if it is polluted or non. Most of the sampl es nevertheless include proving of temperature, O steps, pH, and biodiversity of being in the H2O and conduction of H2O. Pond itself is divided into 3 chief substrate ‘s upper i.e. the surface of the pool in-between substrate and the lower substrate i.e. the land of the pool. In the experiment which is to be conducted will be a comparing between two pools viz. Arodes pool and Kritou terra pool for a existent apprehension of pool pollution in existent life. Purpose: – to look into and analyze the H2O quality by comparing two pools. Hypothesis: – Polluted pool will hold higher per centum of algal screen because of the presence of nitrate and toxic substances inside the pool which will take to higher per centum blooming of algae in contaminated H2O. Transparency of the contaminated pool will be less compared to uncontaminated pool because the presence of algae every bit good as the waste merchandises of homo in the pool which will take to a lessening in transparence of pool. Conductivity will be higher in contaminated pool because the dumping of harvest fertilisers i.e. presence of nitrates in the pool is higher. Oxygen handiness on the top degree is less in contaminated H2O compared to bottom of pool because of the presence of algae on top of H2O. The algae which is present on top of H2O consumes a batch of O during photosynthesis. Oxygen handiness at the underside is higher in uncontaminated H2O compared to exceed degree of pool because beings at the underside are less compared to exceed degree. Oxygen handiness of uncontaminated is more compared to contaminated H2O due to the presence of more algae in H2O. Temperature at the top of the uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than that of the underside this is because sunlight hits on top of the H2O moreover due to the presence of beings that feed on each other or dices are at the underside of the pool added this algae which is present at the surface of both pools absorbs a batch of heat energy and the sunshine which has entree at the underside is trapped at the underside doing the surface of the H2O ice chest when compared to bottom. Temperature recorded in contaminated pool when both underside and surface substrate ‘s are added should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because this chiefly depends on the per centum of algae i.e. how much algae is present that hot it is. The pH of contaminated H2O should be higher or in other words basic or more alkalic because of the physique of decomposed waste of animate beings and worlds compared to uncontaminated H2O. There will be less biodiversity of being in contaminated H2O because being can non last in contaminated H2O i.e. organisms find it difficult to accommodate or populate in the pool. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O is higher because algal screen demands nitrate to feed. Variables: Dependent variables: -diversity of species -percentage screen of algae -conductivity of pool ( i? ­S ) -dimension of the pool Independent variables: -temperature ( oC ) -sunlight -presence of algae -season -nitrate degree -oxygen degree both at top and underside ( mg/l ) Controlled variables: -area sampled ( site ) -method of trying -sweep cyberspace Material required: -sweep net -20ml phial -conductivity metre ( i? ­S ) -zinc pulverization -ammonium chloride -10ml phial -nitrate tablet -photometer -bowl -identifying sheet -pH metre -oxygen metre -data aggregation sheet -one forcep -one amplifying glass -two spoons -two pipettes Procedure: – When the first pool is reached before the experiment is carried out first baseball mitts are worn. Then with the stuffs provided the bowl is filled with pool H2O. Later, with the aid of the sweep cyberspace provided samples are collected and emptied into the bowl filled with pool H2O. However, When roll uping the samples with sweep net the cyberspace should make the four ( 4 ) substrate of the pool i.e. the following – surface of the pool, in-between substrate of the pool, underside of the pool and in conclusion the walls of the pool. By taking this method of sample aggregation the person could obtain all beings that live in all four substrate of the pool. Organisms which are emptied into the bowl are identified with the aid of placing sheet. These identified beings are recorded into the entering sheet provided. This process is being repeated five ( 5 ) more times and recorded in the recording sheet. This process is followed by mensurating the conduction of the pool with the aid of conduction metre. The detector of the conduction metre is placed inside the pool and the readings of the proctor is recorded into the sheet. After conduction of the pool is recorded oxygen handiness on top of the pool every bit good as underside is recorded with the aid O metre. The detector of the O metre us paced individually at the underside so at the top the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the sheet. This is followed by the measuring temperature of the H2O on top every bit good as underside through temperature metre and the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the recording sheet. Besides, per centum of algal screen in the pool is besides estimated and recorded. Before go forthing the first country sample of the H2O in the pool is filled into 20 ml phial. When the 2nd pool is reached the same process which were followed in the first pool are repeated and recorded into the sheet provided. As in the first pool sample of H2O in the pool was filled into another 20 milliliter phial. These two samples of 20 milliliters vial are subsequently taken to lab and tested for per centum of nitrate presence in both pools individually. Into the 20ml vial Zn pulverization and ammonium chloride is added and shaked for one ( 1 ) minute carefully. Then the reagent present indoors 20ml vial is left undisturbed for the mixture to be settle down. Later nitricol tablet is crushed and added into 10 ml phial followed by the solution present indoors 20 ml phial is added into 10 ml phial. It is left to fade out. Then the per centum of the reading is taken by utilizing photometer. The reading of the photometer is recorded in the sheet. Datas processing: – Harmonizing to the informations collected from two pool viz. Arodes pool and kritou terra pool the consequence can be deduced that pool Arodes is more contaminated whereas pool kritou terra is uncontaminated, the chief ground for the decision will be explained by mentioning to the observation seen in both sites. When comparing the difference between the Numberss of being in two different pool, where entire figure of persons in Arodes pool is 55 and entire figure of persons in kritou terra pool is 103. This shows that kritou terra provides suited conditions for being to prolong their life in the pool. However, some of the organisms nowadays in both Arodes pool and kritou terra pool might impact adversely every bit good as affirmatively the wellness of other beings populating in pool every bit good as the H2O status. Hence wise, some beings serve as an index of uncontaminated H2O whereas some service as contaminated Waterss index. Table # 3 beings classified as indexs of contaminated and uncontaminated Contaminated H2O ( Arodes pool ) indexs Uncontaminated H2O ( kritou terra pool ) indexs Flatworm Darter darning needle nymph Frog Hawker dragonfly nymph Meniscus midge pupa Ostracoda Speciess Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) Swiming dayfly nymph Water beetles and larvae True worms Water touch–Water snails–Entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in kritou terra pool is 36 whereas entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in Arodes pool is 1. Darter darning needle nymph is an index of uncontaminated H2O. They thrive in contaminated H2O that supports plentifulness of submerged and emergent flora. These provide egg laying and outgrowth sites every bit good as shelter. Many species besides require some unfastened H2O. They tend to prefer state of affairss that are unfastened to sunlight with some shelter from strong air currents. Harmonizing to the analyses of table # 3 it is observed that darning needles largely act as an index of uncontaminated H2O. Flatworm, semilunar cartilage midge pupa and non-biting midge larva are parasitic in nature which is why they largely tend to populate in contaminated country. Since they need to drive foods from dead affairs host and this largely can be done in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, meniscus midge pupa needs algae for shelter and per centum screen of algae must be higher in contaminated H2O. Frogs nevertheless are present more in contaminated H2O because toads eat touchs, worms and snails therefore harmonizing to the informations collected the figure of touchs, snails and worms are found more in pool Arodes instead than pool in Kritou terra. Mayflies, beetles, touchs and snails require clean, uncontaminated H2O that is by and large good oxygenated. Infact, they are one of the first aquatic being that disappear when H2O pollution occurs. Table # 4 per centum wise organisms nowadays in Arodes pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in Arodes poolDarter darning needle nymph 1.82 % Flatworm 5.46 % Frog 9.09 % Mosquito fish 20 % Meniscus midge pupa 1.82 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 40 % True worms 1.82 % Water beetles and larvae 9.09 % Water touch 5.46 % Water snail 5.46 % Table # 5 per centum wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in kritou terra poolDarter darning needle nymph 35 % Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 % Leechs 4.86 % Mosquito fish 3.88 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 % Ostracoda 1 % Swiming dayfly nymph 12.62 % True worms 36 % Water snail 2 % Table # 6 per centum wise species present both in Arodes and kritou terra pool harmonizing to group 5 recordingsSpeciessPercentage wise organisms nowadays in Arodes poolPercentage wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra poolNon-biting midge larva 95.46 % 16.67 % Swiming dayfly nymph 0 % 58.34 % True worms 0 % 16.67 % Water snail 0 % 8.33 % Meniscus midge pupa 4.55 % 0 % Temperature on top of the contaminated pool ( Arodes pool ) was observed to be 17.97i‚ °C whereas as in the same pool temperature at the underside was observed to be 18.10i‚ °C the grounds depend on many factors. The surface of Arodes pool is covered with algae. Normally algae grows on 2 juncture. First, due to the presence of nitrate used in agricultural field and in conclusion presence of important sum of sunshine. When sunlight hits on Arodes pool it passes through all 3 substrates of the pool. Algae which is present on the surface of the pool absorbs immense sum of sunshine to turn and pin down the heat energy which is going from top of pool to bottom. Added to the heat which is trapped at the underside, beings which are populating in the pool besides increase the heat energy. Speciess in contaminated H2O are normally micro beings and they live at the underside of the pool moreover organisms that dice in the pool get settled at the underside of the pool therefore this being which feed on dead affairs can merely obtaining 10 % of the energy the remainder 90 % is wasted either in heat signifier, feaces and parts which are non soluble by other beings. Hence from this 90 % of energy which is given out as heat energy adds up to heat energy and since all this heat accurate at the underside of the pool the temperature of pool at the underside is higher than that of the underside of the contaminated pool. However, when temperature both on top every bit good as underside of Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) and kritou terra pool ( uncontaminated pool ) are added up and compared i.e. pool Arodes has 36.07i‚ °C as temperature and pool kritou terra has 34.21i‚ °C as temperature. It is observed that there is a important fluctuation this is chiefly because pool in kritou terra is covered with trees hence it is fly-by-night which does n't let a batch of sunshine to make the pool doing it colder compared to Arodes pool. Furthermore, Arodes p ool did n't hold any shadiness or trees environing the pool hence it was heater. Oxygen handiness chiefly depends on few factors. In Arodes pool O handiness at the bottom 8.15mg/l was observed to be less compared to exceed 8.27mg/l this is because at the surface of the pool algae is present which continuously perform photosynthesis during daytime on the other manus at the underside of the pool there are legion type of species which continuously inhale O and give out C dioxide to keep their life. This status leads to a lessening in handiness of O at the underside when compared to exceed. Oxygen handiness on top of the kritou terra pool 8.28mg/l was observed to be less compared to bottom 8.55mg/l this is because beings at the underside of kritou terra pool is less i.e. beings in this pool were normally seen inside algae or in other word at the surface of the pool which lead the O handiness at the top of the pool to diminish nevertheless added to this since kritou terra pool is covered with shadiness it could n't acquire adequate sunlight hence algae could n't execute photosynthesis. Furthermore when the information ‘s of two pools are added up and compared i.e. Arodes pool had 16.42mg/l O degree and kritou terra pool had 16.83mg/l as O degree hence Arodes pool has less oxygen handiness compared to kritou terra pool because the per centum screen of algae in contaminated H2O is 49 % which is about twice more than that of kritou terra pool of merely 28 % of algae screen on H2O. However added to this kritou terra is covered with trees which enables full entree of su nshine to the pool impacting algae which is executing photosynthesis besides the informations taken in both countries were far by each other hence way of light beams are non dependable. Furthermore, many factors of seasonal alterations in temperature and light strength influences oxygen handiness through the photosynthesis activity. In Arodes pool pH value of H2O was observed to be 7.65 whereas kritou terra had pH value of 7.64. Harmonizing to the information there is n't much difference in value nevertheless pH value of Arodes pool is somewhat more basic/ alkaline. The pH value of impersonal H2O has to be 7 this happens because the chemical expression of H2O which is H2O it is the combination of OH- and H+ ions. Hence the presence of anion and cation neutralizes the pH value. Therefore, if the pH value is alkalic OH- is more than H+ . However the chief ground for the consequence of Arodes pool to be more alkaline is because of the presence of sedimentations of homo, works and carnal waste. Conduction of Arodes pool 1417 i? ­S is observed to be higher so kritou terra pool 520i? ­S this is because of presence of nitrate ions in Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) is higher. Furthermore, added to this the country where the pool was situated in both countries affected the consequence massively for case the H2O channel of Arodes pool base on ballss downward all the manner through houses, carnal sheds and harvest Fieldss of small town whereas kritou terra pools H2O channel does non go through through harvest Fieldss besides the geographic nature and channel manner is non similar to Arodes pool i.e. Arodes small towns H2O channel is traveling from high degree ( houses and harvest field ) to bottom degree of land. The H2O channel passes through harvest Fieldss and in harvest Fieldss fertilisers and minerals are used to back up workss growing added to this H2O channel animate beings and worlds waste are besides passed to little channels in Arodes pool hence this manner the co nduction of Arodes has higher conduction value compared to kritou terra. Turbidity of Arodes pool was observed to be murkier compared to kritou terra. The H2O of the Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) was murkier because it is polluted. All waste stuffs and more per centum of algae get accumulated in this pool nevertheless Kritou terra even though being unpolluted when compared to Arodes it was somewhat cloudy since it is surrounded with verdure the radioactive dust foliage from trees added to this algae per centum and besides it is close to land degree makes dust to come in into the pool doing the pool somewhat murky. Algae per centum of Arodes pool was observed to be 49 % whereas algae per centum of kritou terra pool was observed to be 20 % . The chief ground for the algae to be present more in Arodes pool chiefly depends on nitrate degree, conduction and temperature since all three of the factors are higher in Arodes pool. This leads to an addition in algae per centum in the country. Chiefly algae grows more with supply of foods for specific algae ‘s. The nitrate degree of Arodes pool 48 mg/l was observed to be more compared to kritou terra pool 0.26 mg/l. The chief ground for this is because Arodes pool H2O channel passes through many farm Fieldss. In farm Fieldss manure/fertilizers are used for back uping workss growing. Fertilizers has chemical elements like N ( N ) , phosphate ( P ) and K ( K ) hence these chemicals get assorted with H2O channels. Since, Arodes H2O channel is holding slanting land type and go throughing through harvest Fieldss nitrate flat gets assorted with H2O channel in Arodes is more. On the other manus, kritou terra H2O channel does n't go through through many harvest Fieldss nevertheless it has small bite of nitrate present because of waste stuffs and trees present. Simpson ‘s diverseness D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) Where N is the entire figure of being of a peculiar species N is the entire figure of beings of all species Table # 7 Simpson ‘s diverseness of Arodes poolSpeciess found in Arodes poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 1 0 Flatworm 3 6 Frog 5 20 Mosquito fish 11 110 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 22 462 True worms 1 0 Water beetles 5 20 Water touch 3 6 Water snail 3 6Entire55630D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = 630. = . 630. a†°? 0.212 55 ( 55-1 ) 2970 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 / D a†°? 0.788 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem. Table # 8 Simpson ‘s diverseness of kritou terra poolSpeciess found in kritou terra poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 36 1260 Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 2 Leechs 5 20 Mosquito fish 4 12 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 6 Ostracoda 1 0 Swiming dayfly nymph 13 156 True worms 37 1332 Water snail 2 2Entire1032790D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 2790. = . 2790. a†°? 0.266 103 ( 103-1 ) 10506 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 -D a†°? 0.734 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem nevertheless has more species compared to Arodes pool Table # 9 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 Arodes pool Speciess found in Arodes pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 21 420 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0Entire22420D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 420. = . 420. a†°? 1 22 ( 22-1 ) 462 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1- D a†°? 0 This value implies that samples diverseness is less i.e. 2 species are merely found. Table # 10 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 in kritou terra pool Speciess found in kritou terra pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 2 2 Swiming dayfly nymph 7 42 True worms 2 2 Water snail 1 0Entire1246D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 46. = . 46. a†°? 0.349 12 ( 12-1 ) 132 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 – D a†°? 0.652 This value implies that more beings are present and this diverseness is heterogenous. Decision: – Harmonizing to the informations collected Arodes pool was observed to be the contaminated pool and kritou terra pool was observed to be uncontaminated pool. However, harmonizing to the hypothesis polluted pool should hold more per centum screen of algae over the surface of pool because algae normally feeds on nitrate, waste stuffs of beings and toxic substances. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O should be more because of the presence of urea and chemicals used in agricultural field. Furthermore, transparence of the contaminated H2O should be cloudy because of the presence of algae screen and all waste stuffs get accumulated in the pool this leads to a lessening in transparence and H2O to be cloudy. Likewise, due to the accretion of nitrate and other types of minerals which are present inside the feaces of organisms lead the H2O to be alimentary rich i.e. polluted pool will hold high value of conduction. Furthermore, oxygen level on the surface of contaminated H2O is less compared to bottom this is because of the presence of algae i.e. since algae uses a batch of O during photosynthesis. However, in uncontaminated H2O O degree nowadays at the underside of pool is higher compared to the surface because beings in uncontaminated pool at the underside were less compared to the organisms nowadays at the surface but added to this when the information was analyzed since the pool was covered with verdure algae nowadays on top of the uncontaminated pool can non execute photosynthesis as compared to polluted. Furthermore, when both O degrees were compared with each other uncontaminated pool was holding less oxygen handiness when compared to polluted country because of the presence of algae. Temperature nowadays at the surface of uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than the temperature at the underside of the pool because when the sunshine hit ‘s the surface of H2O and due to the presence of beings which feed on each other or dices are at the bottom h ence this effects the temperature besides added to this algae which is at the surface grows with sunshine and covers the pool this leads the heat to acquire trapped at the underside and it ca n't get away outside the pool since it is bottom. Temperature recorded both at the underside and the surface are added contaminated H2O should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because of the presence of more algae since more algae absorb high sum of sunshine doing the pool hotter compared to uncontaminated. Furthermore, pH of the contaminated H2O should be more alkalic compared to uncontaminated because nitrate degree is higher in contaminated pool added to this all decomposed wastes of animate beings and worlds are dumped degree should be higher in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, biodiversity of beings in contaminated H2O is less compared to uncontaminated H2O because nitrate degree is less in uncontaminated H2O since nitrate degree is harmful to organism there is less organisms in contaminate d H2O added to this non much nutrient is available in contaminated H2O hence they ca n't accommodate to this difficult conditions. Evaluation: – One of the chief beginning of mistake in H2O quality is that during the experiment was conducted the figure or in other words per centums of algae covering the pool by inherent aptitudes of an person which is highly inaccurate because experiment was done by appraisal of algae. Another mistake was that group might miss-identify a coinage and that would besides do the consequence more inaccurate. Some of the organisms inhabit inside algae therefore it is difficult for beings to happen, moreover this being which live inside algae are microscopic. However some other beings which are large for case toad could non be hold in a cup and be counted which might take to miss-count i.e. twice it could be counted. Furthermore, nitrate tablet trial was non done by first manus by the pupil alternatively it was performed by instructors. Furthermore, there was accurately 2 hours difference between the two parts therefore the sunlight beams change way interim. Some of the betterments which could be ma de is by following a different method for bettering and doing a more accurate consequence for case spliting the appraisal and appraisal could be done in a grid signifier hence this manner it could be more accurate. Furthermore the expanse cyberspaces which are to be provided has to be checked before utilizing or else beings can get away. Besides, the two countries has to be closer at least 1 hr off. The nitrate trial could be performed in forepart of the pupils. However with the significance of the field trip and its benefit posed on all pupils were utilizable. Furthermore, larning things in a field by really sing, experiencing touching it with first manus was really good cognition to cognize about H2O quality home ground, ecology and biological science. Graph: Comparison of abiotic factors in two pools by country ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool ) Comparison of figure of species in both pool ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool )