How photosynthesis and respiration are linked And how do they to Essay

How photosynthesis and respiration are linked And how do they to provide you with energy from the food you eat - Essay Example During photosynthesis, sunlight causes the water and carbon dioxide to be changed into oxygen and sugar (glucose) (Audesirk, Audesirk, and Byers, 2008).The process starts with absorption of light energy by  proteins  (known as photosynthetic reaction centers),  which have chlorophylls. A part of light energy collected by chlorophylls is stored as  adenosine triphosphate  (ATP), while rest of the energy is used for breaking  electrons  present in water molecules, obtained by plants from soil. These electrons then take part in reactions that change CO2 obtained from the atmosphere into organic compounds. The chemical equation that represents photosynthesis is as follows: Sunlight + chlorophyll 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) Respiration is a catabolic process, where organic compounds are broken down and energy is released. In this process oxygen and glucose (produced by photosynthesis) are used to make carbon dioxide and water, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released as chemical energy, (released from molecular glucose) which is completely broken down by aerobic respiration. When ATP is broken down by human body cells to form adenosine di-phosphate or ADP, energy is released along with a phosphate group. Thus, ATP is the source of energy for all human body cells, and this energy is used for maintaining all body functions. The equation showing the process respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) +36 ATP Therefore, respiration and photosynthesis are complementary reactions. Respiration needs glucose and oxygen produced by photosynthesis, while photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide and water that are products of respiration, and both processes combine to produce energy. 2. What is fermentation? Some organisms and cells use glycolysis (known as fermentation) to produce chemical energy from glucose created during photosynthesis (where energy is derived from sunlight), even without the presence of oxygen. Fermentation starts with breaking down of a glucose molecule, and the entire set of reactions is termed as glycolysis (Alcamo, 2003).   Glycolysis involves ten chemical reactions (fig 2), controlled by various enzymes, and energy is released as two ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose that is divided into half, and the entire process takes place in absence of oxygen. Alcoholic fermentation is seen in yeast, which results in alcohol and CO2. On the other hand, in human bodies (in muscle cells) lactose fermentation takes place, which produces lactic acid causing pH levels to turn acidic. Under such circumstances, an individual starts experiencing muscle cramps and tiredness (Alcamo, 2003).   The process of fermentation is represented pictorially as follows: Fig 2: The process of Glycolysis and fermentation (Yim and Glover, â€Å"The Biochemical process,† 2003). 3. Enzymes Biological catalysts also known as enzymes h elp in carrying out various chemical reactions, taking place within living cells. Enzymes are large protein molecules, containing hundreds of amino acids. Often there is also a non-protein group (a vitamin co-enzyme or a metal cofactor), which is required during catalysis for decreasing the activation energy (Bisswanger, 2008). When an enzyme-catalysis takes place, the substrate joins

Volunteer Work Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volunteer Work Experience - Essay Example When I was a young teenager, my mother would let me conduct simple bookkeeping, perform inventory counts, and supervise the workers while she was away. Working alongside my mother made me realize that my vision of becoming a competent entrepreneur was attainable. My mother’s theory that economics and accounting were the governing languages of business was not only reflected in her business decisions, but also evident in her daily conducts. It was as if her every motion and speech had been calculated for the highest accuracy and efficiency. Her ability to handle tough situations with poise coupled with an undeniable attention to details made her an exceptional businessperson. She was able to keep the family above waters even when my father's ventures failed. Whether mom was trying to maintain her little textile shop or tending to her catering business, she always managed to keep an optimistic outlook despite countless missed opportunities and unfruitful investments. Every week, she would gather donations and organize trips to local orphanages. Her intelligence and selfless altruism strengthened my aspirations to soar as a successful businesswoman and break free from society’s patriarchal expectations. My achievements function as a medium from which I could give back to the community. In the summer of 2010, I felt extremely defeated when my hopes of scoring an internship with the auditing firm Ernst & Young Jakarta was crushed. However, my disappointment left me searching for other opportunities that would allow me to accomplish something in the business world. When my 17-year-old boyfriend came up with a spontaneous idea to build a small Internet business in the underdeveloped area of West Jakarta, I impulsively agreed to be his bookkeeper.

The Police and Crime

The Police and Crime History of Criminal Investigation: The investigation of crime involves the study of various facts and findings, with the intention of finding whether an individual is guilty or not, for an offence. This process involves the use of a variety of techniques, which includes interviews, interrogations, forensic analysis, etc (Fisher Fisher, 2012). The investigation of crime is a concept that has a long history, and the function of detectives was able to develop gradually. However, it is important to explain that, it is the CID who had the responsibility of investigating crime. This was a specialized unit, responsible for investigating crime, and could be found in all police stations in the United Kingdom (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). However, the powers of investigators were ambiguous. This is because there wasn’t any law that was able to spell out the role of investigators, and the rights of the people under investigation (Rossmo and Summers, 2015). This was a major challenge to the investigatory process, basically because the detectives could breach on the rights of people, because of the absence of a clear guideline on how to investigate (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). Furthermore, investigators had very limited training. This had an impact of negatively affecting the efficiency of their investigations, hence the results. It is because of these limited training, that the status of investigatory officers was able to rise up very slowly. Organizational Processes: Crown Prosecution Service: Until 1984, it was the police department that was in charge of the investigation of criminal activities. The introduction of the 1984, law of Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) is significant, because it was able to identify the role of the police officers, and the rights that the public had. This is with the intention of protecting the citizens from abuses by the police. Until 1986, it is the police who were responsible for investigating crime, and prosecuting crime. However, this responsibility and duties changed in the year 1986. This is basically because of the emergence of the Crown Prosecution Office. This came into being with the enactment of the 1985 Prosecution Offences Act. The Crown Prosecution Office has the responsibility of prosecuting every criminal charge, brought against an individual (Newburn, 2012). This office is very important because it ensures that the police would not be the prosecutors, as well as the investigators of a criminal offence. This helps in protecting the citizens from abuses by police officers, who may carry out inadequate investigation, and press charges with limited evidence (Carr-Hill Stern, 2014). The impact of this situation is that the police officers may prosecute an innocent person, or they may fail to get justice to the victim, because of the inability of successful prosecuting the case, leading to a conviction. The Crown Prosecution Service is therefore important, basically because it would ensure that the quality of investigation is high, and cases are brought to the courts, if there is sufficient evidence warranting their prosecution (Baker, 2013). This has therefore helped in solving issues pertaining to poor investigation of an offence. Volume Crimes: In as much as there is the existence of the crown prosecution service, it is very difficult to solve and investigate volume crimes (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). These are the majority of offences that are committed in England and Wales. These criminal activities are very difficult to solve, hence on most occasions, their victims normally do not get justice. Because of their large number, the criminal department is overwhelmed in investigating these criminal activities. This means that there are no enough personnel who can help in investigating these criminal activities. This is a major challenge facing investigators (Lister, 2013). To solve on this situation, there is a need of hiring more personnel, and training them on the best methods of investigating this type of crime. Serious Crimes The investigation of serious crimes is also has challenges. The CID has a monopoly in this area, and it makes it difficult for other organs of the police force to demand for accountability in the manner which these criminal activities are investigated. Furthermore, the media has portrayed the investigation of these types of offences as glorious, and this limits the effectiveness of investigators. An example is the Sherlock Holmes series of investigations, where the media glorifies the activities of detective Holmes (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). This is a misconception portrayed by the media. Risk Factors: Furthermore, the quality of investigation is affected by the risks that are placed on police officers to perform. This is in circumstances when there is a public outcry on the rise of insecurity in certain areas of the country. Too much pressure has the capability of affecting the quality of an investigation (Griffiths, 2014). There is also too much reliance on interviews and this is a challenge because people may lie while being interviewed. Furthermore, it is possible to categorize such kinds of evidence as hearsay by the courts. This means that they will not be admissible (Kassin et al, 2014). Investigators, also have a close relationship with criminals. This is basically because it is difficult to crack an underground crime organization without the help of criminals’ officers. This is unethical practice, because it is wrong to associate with people, that they are tasked to fight against. Detection Rates: Detection rates also present a challenge to investigation of crime. This refers to the criminal activities that have been successfully solved. This is always a political process, and the judges and the courts may be influenced. This is based on the perception of the society. Forensic Science and the Media: The emergence of the media has played a role in blurring reality, with fiction. This means that it has an influence in making some fictional activities to be reality, hence affecting the quality of investigation. Take for example, the investigative ability of Sherlock Holmes. He is a fictional character, depicted as being highly talented. Some of his skills are not realistic, and cannot be implemented. Furthermore, lack of high quality technologies plays a role in limiting the results of investigation. Debate arises in the United Kingdom, on the need of reviewing some cases that were prosecuted in 1980s, and early 1990s, with the use of technology, for purposes of solving them. Furthermore, because of inadequate skills, there is poor use of forensic technology, for purposes of determining the real culprit of a criminal offence. Poor communication of its use is also a factor affecting the quality of investigations. Conclusion There are a lot of challenges facing the investigations of criminal offences. As discussed earlier, one of the crimes that police are unable to investigate adequately are voluminous crimes. This is because of the lack of enough personnel, who can investigate these criminal activities. Furthermore, the monopoly of the CID over serious crimes makes it to be unaccountable to any policing department. In as much as these challenges exist, with proper reforms and policies, there is a possibility of overcoming them. Bibliography: BAKER, S. (2013). Has the introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners provided accountability to local people?: a Case Study in Hampshire and IOW. BEAUREGARD, E., MARTINEAU, M. (2014). No body, no crime? The role of forensic awareness in avoiding police detection in cases of sexual homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 213-220. CARR-HILL, R. A., STERN, N. H. (2014). Crime, the police and criminal statistics: an analysis of official statistics for England and Wales using econometric methods. Academic Press. FISHER, B. A., FISHER, D. R. (2012). Techniques of crime scene investigation. CRC Press. GRIFFITHS, A. G. F. (2014). Mysteries of police and crime. Arthur George Frederick Griffiths. KASSIN, S. M., KUKUCKA, J., LAWSON, V. Z., DECARLO, J. (2014). Does video recording alter the behavior of police during interrogation? A mock crime-and- investigation study. Law and human behavior, 38(1), 73. LISTER, S. (2013). The new politics of the police: police and crime commissioners and the ‘operational independence’of the police. Policing, 7(3), 239-247. NEWBURN, T. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of policing. Routledge. ROSSMO, D. K., SUMMERS, L. (2015). Routine Activity Theory in Crime Investigation. The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory, 19. TAYLOR, R. W., FRITSCH, E. J., LIEDERBACH, J. (2014). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press.

James Watt :: essays research papers

James Watt was born February 19, 1736 and died on August 19, 1889. As a child he was often sick. This kept James out of school. His mother had to teach him how to read and write. James suffered from severe headaches, so many people thought he was retarded. Little did they know that this child that most people didn’t consider normal would lead America to one of the most important stages The Industrial Revolution. It all started when he traveled to England to become a mechanic. Then he decided to come back to Scotland. This is where he met Joseph Black. Black though him some thing that he found interesting about steam. This got Watt started in thinking about how to make Newcomms steam engine better. So in 1764 he got his first real challenge. He got one of Newcomms machines that could not be repaired. He repaired that machine without any problem. Watt had one problem, he had no idea why someone would be satisfied with a machine like this. James decided to make a practical steam engine, this resulted in cheaper transportation. This was possible because in 1869 Watt came up with the condenser (a chamber for condensing the steam) witch he got patented. During all this commotion Watt decided to get married to his cousin Margaret Miller, who died nine years after there marriage. Although they still had six children together. Watt then decide to marry his second wife Ann MacGreagor, which they went on to have two children. James was able to keep wealthy by teaming up with huge manufactures. They wanted James’s engine to do thing like pump water out of coal mines and putting them in locomotives to transport goods. The final part of the steam engine was a invented in 1790. It was a gauge that make the steam much safer. It read the amount of steam pressure produced in side the tank.

A Comparison Of Water Quality In Ponds Environmental Sciences Essay

Background information: – pollution is the chief job faced by today ‘s universe. The scientific definition of pollution is that it is the debut of contaminations into an environment that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or populating beings. Pollution can take the signifier of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or visible radiation. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or of course happening ; of course happening, are considered to be contaminations when they exceed natural degrees. The chief type of pollution faced by human existences in today ‘s universe viz. are air pollution, dirt pollution and H2O pollution. These pollution signifiers are chiefly caused due to human actions. Some causes are as follows point pollution is caused due to dumping of human resources into the H2O organic structure nevertheless it is a sensible pollution because it ca n be easy found out on where the pollution is caused, diffuse pollution nevertheless is n't a sensible pollution because it is unknown where the pollution starts from and in conclusion H2O pollution is caused by the release of some waste merchandises of life things and contaminations into the surface of overflow of the river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, waste H2O discharges i.e. drainage H2O, eutrophication and littering. Eutrophication is production of microorganisms and these micro-organisms consumes a batch of foods and O. Micro-organisms normally grow because they feed through chemicals like nitrate specifically therefore in other words they consume fertilisers. Water pollution affects the workss and beings populating in the H2O and in about all of the instances this harm affects in either ways non merely human population but besides the whole biological communities. H2O organic structures can be analyzed if it is polluted or non. Most of the sampl es nevertheless include proving of temperature, O steps, pH, and biodiversity of being in the H2O and conduction of H2O. Pond itself is divided into 3 chief substrate ‘s upper i.e. the surface of the pool in-between substrate and the lower substrate i.e. the land of the pool. In the experiment which is to be conducted will be a comparing between two pools viz. Arodes pool and Kritou terra pool for a existent apprehension of pool pollution in existent life. Purpose: – to look into and analyze the H2O quality by comparing two pools. Hypothesis: – Polluted pool will hold higher per centum of algal screen because of the presence of nitrate and toxic substances inside the pool which will take to higher per centum blooming of algae in contaminated H2O. Transparency of the contaminated pool will be less compared to uncontaminated pool because the presence of algae every bit good as the waste merchandises of homo in the pool which will take to a lessening in transparence of pool. Conductivity will be higher in contaminated pool because the dumping of harvest fertilisers i.e. presence of nitrates in the pool is higher. Oxygen handiness on the top degree is less in contaminated H2O compared to bottom of pool because of the presence of algae on top of H2O. The algae which is present on top of H2O consumes a batch of O during photosynthesis. Oxygen handiness at the underside is higher in uncontaminated H2O compared to exceed degree of pool because beings at the underside are less compared to exceed degree. Oxygen handiness of uncontaminated is more compared to contaminated H2O due to the presence of more algae in H2O. Temperature at the top of the uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than that of the underside this is because sunlight hits on top of the H2O moreover due to the presence of beings that feed on each other or dices are at the underside of the pool added this algae which is present at the surface of both pools absorbs a batch of heat energy and the sunshine which has entree at the underside is trapped at the underside doing the surface of the H2O ice chest when compared to bottom. Temperature recorded in contaminated pool when both underside and surface substrate ‘s are added should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because this chiefly depends on the per centum of algae i.e. how much algae is present that hot it is. The pH of contaminated H2O should be higher or in other words basic or more alkalic because of the physique of decomposed waste of animate beings and worlds compared to uncontaminated H2O. There will be less biodiversity of being in contaminated H2O because being can non last in contaminated H2O i.e. organisms find it difficult to accommodate or populate in the pool. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O is higher because algal screen demands nitrate to feed. Variables: Dependent variables: -diversity of species -percentage screen of algae -conductivity of pool ( i? ­S ) -dimension of the pool Independent variables: -temperature ( oC ) -sunlight -presence of algae -season -nitrate degree -oxygen degree both at top and underside ( mg/l ) Controlled variables: -area sampled ( site ) -method of trying -sweep cyberspace Material required: -sweep net -20ml phial -conductivity metre ( i? ­S ) -zinc pulverization -ammonium chloride -10ml phial -nitrate tablet -photometer -bowl -identifying sheet -pH metre -oxygen metre -data aggregation sheet -one forcep -one amplifying glass -two spoons -two pipettes Procedure: – When the first pool is reached before the experiment is carried out first baseball mitts are worn. Then with the stuffs provided the bowl is filled with pool H2O. Later, with the aid of the sweep cyberspace provided samples are collected and emptied into the bowl filled with pool H2O. However, When roll uping the samples with sweep net the cyberspace should make the four ( 4 ) substrate of the pool i.e. the following – surface of the pool, in-between substrate of the pool, underside of the pool and in conclusion the walls of the pool. By taking this method of sample aggregation the person could obtain all beings that live in all four substrate of the pool. Organisms which are emptied into the bowl are identified with the aid of placing sheet. These identified beings are recorded into the entering sheet provided. This process is being repeated five ( 5 ) more times and recorded in the recording sheet. This process is followed by mensurating the conduction of the pool with the aid of conduction metre. The detector of the conduction metre is placed inside the pool and the readings of the proctor is recorded into the sheet. After conduction of the pool is recorded oxygen handiness on top of the pool every bit good as underside is recorded with the aid O metre. The detector of the O metre us paced individually at the underside so at the top the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the sheet. This is followed by the measuring temperature of the H2O on top every bit good as underside through temperature metre and the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the recording sheet. Besides, per centum of algal screen in the pool is besides estimated and recorded. Before go forthing the first country sample of the H2O in the pool is filled into 20 ml phial. When the 2nd pool is reached the same process which were followed in the first pool are repeated and recorded into the sheet provided. As in the first pool sample of H2O in the pool was filled into another 20 milliliter phial. These two samples of 20 milliliters vial are subsequently taken to lab and tested for per centum of nitrate presence in both pools individually. Into the 20ml vial Zn pulverization and ammonium chloride is added and shaked for one ( 1 ) minute carefully. Then the reagent present indoors 20ml vial is left undisturbed for the mixture to be settle down. Later nitricol tablet is crushed and added into 10 ml phial followed by the solution present indoors 20 ml phial is added into 10 ml phial. It is left to fade out. Then the per centum of the reading is taken by utilizing photometer. The reading of the photometer is recorded in the sheet. Datas processing: – Harmonizing to the informations collected from two pool viz. Arodes pool and kritou terra pool the consequence can be deduced that pool Arodes is more contaminated whereas pool kritou terra is uncontaminated, the chief ground for the decision will be explained by mentioning to the observation seen in both sites. When comparing the difference between the Numberss of being in two different pool, where entire figure of persons in Arodes pool is 55 and entire figure of persons in kritou terra pool is 103. This shows that kritou terra provides suited conditions for being to prolong their life in the pool. However, some of the organisms nowadays in both Arodes pool and kritou terra pool might impact adversely every bit good as affirmatively the wellness of other beings populating in pool every bit good as the H2O status. Hence wise, some beings serve as an index of uncontaminated H2O whereas some service as contaminated Waterss index. Table # 3 beings classified as indexs of contaminated and uncontaminated Contaminated H2O ( Arodes pool ) indexs Uncontaminated H2O ( kritou terra pool ) indexs Flatworm Darter darning needle nymph Frog Hawker dragonfly nymph Meniscus midge pupa Ostracoda Speciess Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) Swiming dayfly nymph Water beetles and larvae True worms Water touch–Water snails–Entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in kritou terra pool is 36 whereas entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in Arodes pool is 1. Darter darning needle nymph is an index of uncontaminated H2O. They thrive in contaminated H2O that supports plentifulness of submerged and emergent flora. These provide egg laying and outgrowth sites every bit good as shelter. Many species besides require some unfastened H2O. They tend to prefer state of affairss that are unfastened to sunlight with some shelter from strong air currents. Harmonizing to the analyses of table # 3 it is observed that darning needles largely act as an index of uncontaminated H2O. Flatworm, semilunar cartilage midge pupa and non-biting midge larva are parasitic in nature which is why they largely tend to populate in contaminated country. Since they need to drive foods from dead affairs host and this largely can be done in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, meniscus midge pupa needs algae for shelter and per centum screen of algae must be higher in contaminated H2O. Frogs nevertheless are present more in contaminated H2O because toads eat touchs, worms and snails therefore harmonizing to the informations collected the figure of touchs, snails and worms are found more in pool Arodes instead than pool in Kritou terra. Mayflies, beetles, touchs and snails require clean, uncontaminated H2O that is by and large good oxygenated. Infact, they are one of the first aquatic being that disappear when H2O pollution occurs. Table # 4 per centum wise organisms nowadays in Arodes pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in Arodes poolDarter darning needle nymph 1.82 % Flatworm 5.46 % Frog 9.09 % Mosquito fish 20 % Meniscus midge pupa 1.82 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 40 % True worms 1.82 % Water beetles and larvae 9.09 % Water touch 5.46 % Water snail 5.46 % Table # 5 per centum wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in kritou terra poolDarter darning needle nymph 35 % Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 % Leechs 4.86 % Mosquito fish 3.88 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 % Ostracoda 1 % Swiming dayfly nymph 12.62 % True worms 36 % Water snail 2 % Table # 6 per centum wise species present both in Arodes and kritou terra pool harmonizing to group 5 recordingsSpeciessPercentage wise organisms nowadays in Arodes poolPercentage wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra poolNon-biting midge larva 95.46 % 16.67 % Swiming dayfly nymph 0 % 58.34 % True worms 0 % 16.67 % Water snail 0 % 8.33 % Meniscus midge pupa 4.55 % 0 % Temperature on top of the contaminated pool ( Arodes pool ) was observed to be 17.97i‚ °C whereas as in the same pool temperature at the underside was observed to be 18.10i‚ °C the grounds depend on many factors. The surface of Arodes pool is covered with algae. Normally algae grows on 2 juncture. First, due to the presence of nitrate used in agricultural field and in conclusion presence of important sum of sunshine. When sunlight hits on Arodes pool it passes through all 3 substrates of the pool. Algae which is present on the surface of the pool absorbs immense sum of sunshine to turn and pin down the heat energy which is going from top of pool to bottom. Added to the heat which is trapped at the underside, beings which are populating in the pool besides increase the heat energy. Speciess in contaminated H2O are normally micro beings and they live at the underside of the pool moreover organisms that dice in the pool get settled at the underside of the pool therefore this being which feed on dead affairs can merely obtaining 10 % of the energy the remainder 90 % is wasted either in heat signifier, feaces and parts which are non soluble by other beings. Hence from this 90 % of energy which is given out as heat energy adds up to heat energy and since all this heat accurate at the underside of the pool the temperature of pool at the underside is higher than that of the underside of the contaminated pool. However, when temperature both on top every bit good as underside of Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) and kritou terra pool ( uncontaminated pool ) are added up and compared i.e. pool Arodes has 36.07i‚ °C as temperature and pool kritou terra has 34.21i‚ °C as temperature. It is observed that there is a important fluctuation this is chiefly because pool in kritou terra is covered with trees hence it is fly-by-night which does n't let a batch of sunshine to make the pool doing it colder compared to Arodes pool. Furthermore, Arodes p ool did n't hold any shadiness or trees environing the pool hence it was heater. Oxygen handiness chiefly depends on few factors. In Arodes pool O handiness at the bottom 8.15mg/l was observed to be less compared to exceed 8.27mg/l this is because at the surface of the pool algae is present which continuously perform photosynthesis during daytime on the other manus at the underside of the pool there are legion type of species which continuously inhale O and give out C dioxide to keep their life. This status leads to a lessening in handiness of O at the underside when compared to exceed. Oxygen handiness on top of the kritou terra pool 8.28mg/l was observed to be less compared to bottom 8.55mg/l this is because beings at the underside of kritou terra pool is less i.e. beings in this pool were normally seen inside algae or in other word at the surface of the pool which lead the O handiness at the top of the pool to diminish nevertheless added to this since kritou terra pool is covered with shadiness it could n't acquire adequate sunlight hence algae could n't execute photosynthesis. Furthermore when the information ‘s of two pools are added up and compared i.e. Arodes pool had 16.42mg/l O degree and kritou terra pool had 16.83mg/l as O degree hence Arodes pool has less oxygen handiness compared to kritou terra pool because the per centum screen of algae in contaminated H2O is 49 % which is about twice more than that of kritou terra pool of merely 28 % of algae screen on H2O. However added to this kritou terra is covered with trees which enables full entree of su nshine to the pool impacting algae which is executing photosynthesis besides the informations taken in both countries were far by each other hence way of light beams are non dependable. Furthermore, many factors of seasonal alterations in temperature and light strength influences oxygen handiness through the photosynthesis activity. In Arodes pool pH value of H2O was observed to be 7.65 whereas kritou terra had pH value of 7.64. Harmonizing to the information there is n't much difference in value nevertheless pH value of Arodes pool is somewhat more basic/ alkaline. The pH value of impersonal H2O has to be 7 this happens because the chemical expression of H2O which is H2O it is the combination of OH- and H+ ions. Hence the presence of anion and cation neutralizes the pH value. Therefore, if the pH value is alkalic OH- is more than H+ . However the chief ground for the consequence of Arodes pool to be more alkaline is because of the presence of sedimentations of homo, works and carnal waste. Conduction of Arodes pool 1417 i? ­S is observed to be higher so kritou terra pool 520i? ­S this is because of presence of nitrate ions in Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) is higher. Furthermore, added to this the country where the pool was situated in both countries affected the consequence massively for case the H2O channel of Arodes pool base on ballss downward all the manner through houses, carnal sheds and harvest Fieldss of small town whereas kritou terra pools H2O channel does non go through through harvest Fieldss besides the geographic nature and channel manner is non similar to Arodes pool i.e. Arodes small towns H2O channel is traveling from high degree ( houses and harvest field ) to bottom degree of land. The H2O channel passes through harvest Fieldss and in harvest Fieldss fertilisers and minerals are used to back up workss growing added to this H2O channel animate beings and worlds waste are besides passed to little channels in Arodes pool hence this manner the co nduction of Arodes has higher conduction value compared to kritou terra. Turbidity of Arodes pool was observed to be murkier compared to kritou terra. The H2O of the Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) was murkier because it is polluted. All waste stuffs and more per centum of algae get accumulated in this pool nevertheless Kritou terra even though being unpolluted when compared to Arodes it was somewhat cloudy since it is surrounded with verdure the radioactive dust foliage from trees added to this algae per centum and besides it is close to land degree makes dust to come in into the pool doing the pool somewhat murky. Algae per centum of Arodes pool was observed to be 49 % whereas algae per centum of kritou terra pool was observed to be 20 % . The chief ground for the algae to be present more in Arodes pool chiefly depends on nitrate degree, conduction and temperature since all three of the factors are higher in Arodes pool. This leads to an addition in algae per centum in the country. Chiefly algae grows more with supply of foods for specific algae ‘s. The nitrate degree of Arodes pool 48 mg/l was observed to be more compared to kritou terra pool 0.26 mg/l. The chief ground for this is because Arodes pool H2O channel passes through many farm Fieldss. In farm Fieldss manure/fertilizers are used for back uping workss growing. Fertilizers has chemical elements like N ( N ) , phosphate ( P ) and K ( K ) hence these chemicals get assorted with H2O channels. Since, Arodes H2O channel is holding slanting land type and go throughing through harvest Fieldss nitrate flat gets assorted with H2O channel in Arodes is more. On the other manus, kritou terra H2O channel does n't go through through many harvest Fieldss nevertheless it has small bite of nitrate present because of waste stuffs and trees present. Simpson ‘s diverseness D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) Where N is the entire figure of being of a peculiar species N is the entire figure of beings of all species Table # 7 Simpson ‘s diverseness of Arodes poolSpeciess found in Arodes poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 1 0 Flatworm 3 6 Frog 5 20 Mosquito fish 11 110 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 22 462 True worms 1 0 Water beetles 5 20 Water touch 3 6 Water snail 3 6Entire55630D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = 630. = . 630. a†°? 0.212 55 ( 55-1 ) 2970 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 / D a†°? 0.788 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem. Table # 8 Simpson ‘s diverseness of kritou terra poolSpeciess found in kritou terra poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 36 1260 Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 2 Leechs 5 20 Mosquito fish 4 12 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 6 Ostracoda 1 0 Swiming dayfly nymph 13 156 True worms 37 1332 Water snail 2 2Entire1032790D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 2790. = . 2790. a†°? 0.266 103 ( 103-1 ) 10506 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 -D a†°? 0.734 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem nevertheless has more species compared to Arodes pool Table # 9 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 Arodes pool Speciess found in Arodes pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 21 420 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0Entire22420D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 420. = . 420. a†°? 1 22 ( 22-1 ) 462 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1- D a†°? 0 This value implies that samples diverseness is less i.e. 2 species are merely found. Table # 10 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 in kritou terra pool Speciess found in kritou terra pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 2 2 Swiming dayfly nymph 7 42 True worms 2 2 Water snail 1 0Entire1246D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 46. = . 46. a†°? 0.349 12 ( 12-1 ) 132 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 – D a†°? 0.652 This value implies that more beings are present and this diverseness is heterogenous. Decision: – Harmonizing to the informations collected Arodes pool was observed to be the contaminated pool and kritou terra pool was observed to be uncontaminated pool. However, harmonizing to the hypothesis polluted pool should hold more per centum screen of algae over the surface of pool because algae normally feeds on nitrate, waste stuffs of beings and toxic substances. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O should be more because of the presence of urea and chemicals used in agricultural field. Furthermore, transparence of the contaminated H2O should be cloudy because of the presence of algae screen and all waste stuffs get accumulated in the pool this leads to a lessening in transparence and H2O to be cloudy. Likewise, due to the accretion of nitrate and other types of minerals which are present inside the feaces of organisms lead the H2O to be alimentary rich i.e. polluted pool will hold high value of conduction. Furthermore, oxygen level on the surface of contaminated H2O is less compared to bottom this is because of the presence of algae i.e. since algae uses a batch of O during photosynthesis. However, in uncontaminated H2O O degree nowadays at the underside of pool is higher compared to the surface because beings in uncontaminated pool at the underside were less compared to the organisms nowadays at the surface but added to this when the information was analyzed since the pool was covered with verdure algae nowadays on top of the uncontaminated pool can non execute photosynthesis as compared to polluted. Furthermore, when both O degrees were compared with each other uncontaminated pool was holding less oxygen handiness when compared to polluted country because of the presence of algae. Temperature nowadays at the surface of uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than the temperature at the underside of the pool because when the sunshine hit ‘s the surface of H2O and due to the presence of beings which feed on each other or dices are at the bottom h ence this effects the temperature besides added to this algae which is at the surface grows with sunshine and covers the pool this leads the heat to acquire trapped at the underside and it ca n't get away outside the pool since it is bottom. Temperature recorded both at the underside and the surface are added contaminated H2O should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because of the presence of more algae since more algae absorb high sum of sunshine doing the pool hotter compared to uncontaminated. Furthermore, pH of the contaminated H2O should be more alkalic compared to uncontaminated because nitrate degree is higher in contaminated pool added to this all decomposed wastes of animate beings and worlds are dumped degree should be higher in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, biodiversity of beings in contaminated H2O is less compared to uncontaminated H2O because nitrate degree is less in uncontaminated H2O since nitrate degree is harmful to organism there is less organisms in contaminate d H2O added to this non much nutrient is available in contaminated H2O hence they ca n't accommodate to this difficult conditions. Evaluation: – One of the chief beginning of mistake in H2O quality is that during the experiment was conducted the figure or in other words per centums of algae covering the pool by inherent aptitudes of an person which is highly inaccurate because experiment was done by appraisal of algae. Another mistake was that group might miss-identify a coinage and that would besides do the consequence more inaccurate. Some of the organisms inhabit inside algae therefore it is difficult for beings to happen, moreover this being which live inside algae are microscopic. However some other beings which are large for case toad could non be hold in a cup and be counted which might take to miss-count i.e. twice it could be counted. Furthermore, nitrate tablet trial was non done by first manus by the pupil alternatively it was performed by instructors. Furthermore, there was accurately 2 hours difference between the two parts therefore the sunlight beams change way interim. Some of the betterments which could be ma de is by following a different method for bettering and doing a more accurate consequence for case spliting the appraisal and appraisal could be done in a grid signifier hence this manner it could be more accurate. Furthermore the expanse cyberspaces which are to be provided has to be checked before utilizing or else beings can get away. Besides, the two countries has to be closer at least 1 hr off. The nitrate trial could be performed in forepart of the pupils. However with the significance of the field trip and its benefit posed on all pupils were utilizable. Furthermore, larning things in a field by really sing, experiencing touching it with first manus was really good cognition to cognize about H2O quality home ground, ecology and biological science. Graph: Comparison of abiotic factors in two pools by country ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool ) Comparison of figure of species in both pool ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool )

So close to the Border

Pavel lay in the frost frozen. The frost spitting and eating away at the skin on his face and hands. Too dangerous to move. Undressed, just the upper body covered with a think pyjama like shirt, sleeves too small only reaching just below the elbows. The shirt soaked though with icicles dangling off the edges. He lay there motionless with no thought about how cold it was, just concentrating on those guards, standing there wrapped in their thick coats smoking slowly. With no moon this night there is only two faint body like structures with two orange circles floating in the air. Not much longer to wait for the change of guards. These eager but nerve racking moments, with the urge to just to run from the camp but thinking if he could just wait a few moments. Freedom was waiting for him just over the border. The scent of waffles wafting through the air making his stomach really churn. With the wire cutters in his hands, which were buried at least a foot into the snow just waiting†¦ All it needs is a few snips and there's a whole in the thick barbed wire. He lay there watching as the guards threw away their cigarettes. He had precisely 3mins to get out of the camp to a small amount of safety. He knew that he would only be safe once he had crossed the border. Pavel had no idea what date it was, he could only tell that it was probably about 7:00 for the sun had set along time ago. Now was his only chance. He began cutting away at the wire, panicking. Finally the hole is cut. Crouching low so that he doesn't give away his silhouette, he slowly moves across an open plain, which goes on for about 75 yards. Once he reached the brush he gets out his secretly hidden map. It is sewn in on a handkerchief, which his Uncle gave him just before he died. He could not see the map. He knew that the direction he was heading in was south which was the general direction he was going in. He could tell that he was going south for the south wall was where the people who were going to be gassed had to line up before being taken away. He had escaped from the direction of the south wall. Pavel is a seventeen-year-old boy. He was born through a Christian family but adopted by a Jewish family about 14 years before the war broke out. They counted him as Jewish even though he had not been circumcised because he was found in a Jewish temple and his records were found of his life and about being adopted. He was straight away sent to the camp in Auschwitz and sentenced to death after a few years of labour. He escaping for it almost time for him to meet his death and he wants to find the rest of his family. He was caught in the church. His family got away. I am frozen with fear now. I had got the main part done which was getting out of the camp. I can't think what to do. I lay still, huddled up on the ground, just staring out into the night. It's a big country, but now made small for there are troops stationed everywhere. The sirens might even go of back at the camp in about 30 minutes. I started walking when a German sentry walked on to a path directly coming my way. I could tell there was no news of an escape; otherwise these soldiers would be looking a lot more alert. They rifles were slung up on their shoulders and dangling while they were smoking calmly. I waited for them to move past me. I didn't want to give myself away already. The footsteps died out in a just a matter of seconds. I struggled to get back up and when I did I staggered in the brush along the path in the southern direction. I was walking for about an hour now and had past quite a few machine gun posts. My aim was to get to Hungary, I don't know how but I was going to do my best. I heard noises and smoke from the chimney of a hut. For a moment a thought it was just drunk soldiers. I crossed the path and came close up to an open window. The soldiers were not drunk. I saw them loading rifles and magazines with bullets and from my faint knowledge of German language they were talking about an escape from Auschwitz. I knew this was I. I waited for the Germans to go. I heard their motorbikes revving up and watched them leave up the windy path. I didn't have a clue where I. I went close to the light coming out from the window and I took out my handkerchief. I found the area that I was in. I was astonished by how good this map was to me. It had fooled the guards at Auschwitz and now it was going to get me past the border. I realised I sill had around 100 kilometres to go before I reached the border. It sounded a long way. I saw nobody inside the hut. I could see German trench coat near the window and I reached across to grab. A voice suddenly in a gentle tone said, â€Å"Food? † I didn't reply. I was paralysed with fear and a turned around after a few seconds. Again came the voice of a young man, â€Å"Would you like some food? † I replied, â€Å"You're Polish? † His accent seemed a bit funny but I assumed he was a decent person. â€Å"Yes†, said the man, â€Å"You have runaway haven't you. You're Jewish aren't you? Would you like some food? † Ignoring the offer I carried on the conversation. † I am. Do you think there is any way I could get to the border quickly? My feet have worn out. I have no shoes. Will the Germans be coming back here? † † They will, but don't worry your safe here. You must be so tired and cold. You can stay in my cellar; the Germans think this will be the last place someone would stay. I have wine going to the Germans a the border, you might be able to hitch a lift. † I didn't yet know if I could trust this man and his ideas for me. â€Å"Could I have some food and some shoes? † I asked. He stood there thinking. † I don't have shoes but I do have some food. Here. † He lay down some bread and butter. I was happy. There was about half a loaf. In Auschwitz we only got about 3 slices of bread without butter a day. I had suffered bad symptoms. I kept on fainting. I finished eating all I could and got up. I was being very cautious of this man. He led me outside the hut and there was a little door entering the ground. I jumped in. His last words ever to me were, â€Å"You can stay here for the night. The delivery truck will beep when he gets here so you will hear it and wake up. I will tell him of the situation. † â€Å"Thank you. Thank you so much. † The door shut and me last glimpse of light faded to nothing. BEEP! I heard the sound of the truck and there was light coming through the cracks of the door. I opened the door slightly and peered out through the gap. There was a black truck there. I knew what to do. I climbed out and jumped into the back. There were some empty cargo boxes and full ones. The full ones were at the back of the truck and the empty were towards the front. I jumped into an empty box. I was worried. I didn't know who was driving, what if it was a German in disguise and this whole thing was a set up to get me returned back to the camp. The engine started off and the vehicle started moving. I never realised it but there was food in the box. There was some bread and cheese. I thought this was a luxury. The truck had been driving for about half a day. I thought we were lucky because we had not been stopped once. The truck glided gently into a halt and I heard some voices. I heard the driver explaining that we have wine for the officers on the border. The back of the truck opened up. I could see a German officer through the holes in the box. He stepped into the back and opened up a box. I could tell by his face that he was satisfied. He took two bottles and gave thumbs up to somebody. I heard the back door slam and the truck started off again. The driver gave a tap to the wall between the front and back of the truck. I assumed this was my call to get out. I slipped out of the box into the night. I could see the watchtowers and there were lights moving all over the fields. The place was swarming with Germans. I thought this was going to be the last of me. I knew I wasn't going to make it. I heard the truck go off and I started to make my way out of the area because it could be the centre of attention to the Germans. I was trundling my way through deep snow when I spotted a German post. I avoided it and found my self in the middle of a spotlight. My instincts were just to run. I heard bullet fire. I then got shot in the back. I was just at the barbed wire and I started hacking away at it with my wire cutters. At this moment Pavel was shot in the back of his neck. He carried on cutting through. Eventually a hole was made. Shots were landing all around him from MP40 fire. He jumped through the barbed wire and his ragged trench coat got stuck on the wire. He tried to set himself free and got shot in the back. There was just a little whole in his back but the round exploded in his stomach as it came out. HE carried on trying to set himself free when six German soldiers approached with their rifles locked into their soldiers. Each of them aimed at Pavel and fired. Pavel lay there strewn along the barbed wire. He did not know this but he died two days before his eighteenth birthday and his family had all died in concentration camps. This is not based on a true story but this would have happened a lot in the world war two in Poland.